Feminism

Question 1

why is it more accurate to call feminism feminisms?

Answer 1

some quite different in nature who criticise other feminisms

Question 2

why does Ritzer say contemporary feminism developed?

Answer 2

“The impetus for contemporary feminist theory began in a deceptively simple question: “And what about the women?

Question 3

how can sociology be described?

Answer 3

malestream

Question 4

why can sociology be seen as malestream?

Answer 4

Focus on formal structures, which may have an inherent bias – critique of the personal/private domains

Question 5

Why can sociology be criticised for using the term ‘man’?

Answer 5

Use of the generic ‘man’ to discuss human experience, with a masculine basis

Question 6

what are the 3 key debates in feminism?

Answer 6

Tension between activism vs scholarship
Universalism vs relativism
Essentialism vs fluidity

Question 7

what 7 types of feminism does Tong identify?

Answer 7

liberal, radical, socialist, marxist, existential, psychoanalytic, postmodern

Question 8

what is liberal feminists aim?

Answer 8

Women should have the same legal, political, social and economic rights as men within the established system

Question 9

what’s an example of the liberal feminist movement?

Answer 9

the suffrage movement

Question 10

what did Friedan find in the Feminine Mystique?

Answer 10

Her research showed there was unhappiness in the housewife role which was presented as fulfilling
The ideology was proved radically wrong by women’s experiences

Question 11

what did Friedan argue as a result of her findings?

Answer 11

Equal opportunity requires economic reorganisation

Question 12

How can liberal feminists be criticised?

Answer 12

doesn’t seek to overthrow the underlying structures that cause inequality

Question 13

what do Marxist feminists argue?

Answer 13

Women’s oppression is linked to capitalism

Question 14

How can capitalism be linked to patriarchy?

Answer 14

The sexual division of labour shapes gender relations and reinforces capitalist relations of production

Question 15

why does capitalism dismiss women’s domestic work?

Answer 15

as it occurs within the private sphere

Question 16

how did Engels separate the types of labour men and women did?

Answer 16

productive labour (paid a wage, public sphere) and reproductive labour (within the home to reproduce the work force, private sphere)

Question 17

why did Engels say there was this separation in the labour patterns?

Answer 17

motivated by the economic forces of capitalism

Question 18

how does socialist feminism differ from marxist feminism?

Answer 18

Places more emphasis on cultural, patriarchal (structural system of male domination) which also shape gender relations

Question 19

what is patriarchy?

Answer 19

fundamental imbalance of power between men and women

Question 20

why do socialist feminists argue that patriarchy is more important as a form of social control for women than capitalism?

Answer 20

Gender ideology existed before the emergence of capitalism and can be found in any society, just takes a certain form in the capitalist society

Question 21

why do they believe women have become associated with reproductive labour?

Answer 21

not natural to women, rather a result of social relations

Question 22

what did Barrett (1980) find in Women’s Oppression Today?

Answer 22

how the family has emerged from capitalist relations

Question 23

what does Barrett mean by the family household system?

Answer 23

nuclear family organised around economics

Question 24

what do radical feminists believe is the source of female oppression?

Answer 24

patriarchy and capitalism

Question 25

how do radical feminists suggest solving female oppression?

Answer 25

patriarchy needs to be overthrown and society needs to be radically reordered

Question 26

what aspects of female oppression do radical feminists challenge? (3)

Answer 26

sexual objectification of women, traditional gender roles, violence against women

Question 27

how do radical feminists view men?

Answer 27

as a class

Question 28

who do men as a class oppress according to radical feminists?

Answer 28

women and non-dominant men

Question 29

how can radical feminism be criticised?

Answer 29

uses essentialist notions of men and women, which could reinforce these ideas

Question 30

what does Millett argue relations between men and women are within Sexual Politics?

Answer 30

relations of power

Question 31

what does Rich recognise as leading to women's oppression in of Women Born?

Answer 31

Rich argues that women’s ability to be a mother helps to explain women’s oppression

Question 32

what does MacKinnon argue within Feminism Unmodified?

Answer 32

In heterosexual relationships women are powerless and used as objects of male sexual pleasure

Question 33

what is separatism?

Answer 33

Separating your group from others in society

Question 34

what do separatist radical feminists argue?

Answer 34

lesbianism or celibacy should replace heterosexual relations which are inherently patriarchal

Question 35

what do post modern feminists argue about the category of 'women'?

Answer 35

• No single unitary ‘women’ which could be fought for

Question 36

how do postmodernists highlight their point about women?

Answer 36

women also oppress other women

Question 37

what does Butler argue within Gender Trouble? (3)

Answer 37

no basis to gender or sex argues against identity based politics which try to come up with a united idea of 'woman' gender is performed

Question 38

what idea central to the 4th wave feminist movement can be linked to postmodernism?

Answer 38

Crenshaw's intersectionality

Question 39

what can be seen as the general epistemological view of feminism?

Answer 39

knowledge can only be gained by being in a certain position

Question 40

what do feminists argue for within research methods?

Answer 40

greater reflexivity

Question 41

who came up with standpoint theory?

Answer 41

Dorothy Smith

Question 42

what is standpoint theory?

Answer 42

women and men have very different embodied experiences which means it is impossible for men to write about the female experience

Question 43

what different experiences do women have that separates them from men? (3)

Answer 43

childbirth, mothering and household labour

Question 44

what did standpoint theory deconstruct?

Answer 44

the apparentally 'value free' scientific model

Question 45

what did standpoint theory deconstruct?

Answer 45

the apparently 'value free' scientific model

Question 46

what is a criticism of standpoint theory?

Answer 46

Experiences are also shaped by ethnicity or sexual orientation as well as other factors such as age, class and disability and so there can be no single standpoint

Question 47

however, how would advocates of standpoint theory discount the criticism?

Answer 47

allowed these debates to occur, brought the ideas into the open

Question 48

who is the 1st wave of feminism associated with?

Answer 48

liberal feminists

Question 49

what did the first wave of feminism fight for? (2)

Answer 49

women’s suffrage and right to property

Question 50

when did the first wave of feminism occur?

Answer 50

mid-19th to the early 20th century

Question 51

when did second wave feminism occur?

Answer 51

began in the 1960s and continues

Question 52

what did the second wave of feminism fight for?

Answer 52

economic equality and fights all kinds of discrimination

Question 53

who is the 2nd wave of feminism associated with?

Answer 53

Marxist, socialist and radical feminists

Question 54

what notions of femininity do second wave feminists have?

Answer 54

can be seen as essentialised

Question 55

when did third wave feminism occur?

Answer 55

emerged in the late 1980s

Question 56

what did the third wave of feminism fight for?

Answer 56

embracing individualism and diversity

Question 57

who is the 3rd wave of feminism associated with?

Answer 57

post-structuralist and post-modern ideas

Question 58

who was Ruth Ellis?

Answer 58

Last woman to be hanged in Britain in 1955

Question 59

what were Ruth Ellis' circumstances?

Answer 59

Hung after shooting her physically abusive husband who had caused her to suffer a miscarriage 10 days before

Question 60

when was Ruth Ellis' retrial held? why is this significant?

Answer 60

2003, heard in an era where women had achieved considerable gains

Question 61

what does Ruth Ellis' retrial show for feminists?

Answer 61

New laws do not necessarily make things better, need to decentre it in order to critically consider the wider social context within it operates