Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

History > Martin Luther and the reformation > Flashcards

Martin Luther and the reformation Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards World History 101 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards
1
Q

When was Martin Luther born?

A

1483

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When did Martin Luther die?

A

1546

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who was Martin Luther (3 marks)?

A
  1. Friar who taught religion at Wittenberg University in Germany
  2. Catholic priest
  3. Professor of Theology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In what capacity was Martin Luther most well known?

A

Martin Luther was a prominent figure in the Protestant Reformation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When was the Protestant Reformation?

A

1517-1648

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What was the Reformation for which Martin Luther is most well known?

A

The Reformation is the reform of the Catholic Church that split Christianity into two broad camps.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Into what two broad camps was Christianity split into during the Reformation?

A
  1. Protestants

2. Catholic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In the context of the reformation, what does Protestant mean?

A

Those who protested that the church needed reforming.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

At a very basic and crude level, what do Catholic’s believe in?

A

What you DO matters most for going to heaven.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

At a very basic and crude level, what do Protestants believe?

A

The strength of you faith based on your understanding of the bible and of what is the right way to live i.e what you BELIEVE matters most for going to heaven.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name 4 things that Protestants DO NOT believe in.

A
  1. Saints and relics
  2. Purgatory
  3. Transubstantiation
  4. Ritual ornaments and decoration in churches
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is purgatory?

A

The waiting room to heaven

In Catholic theology, purgatory is an intermediate state after physical death in which some of those ultimately destined for heaven must first “undergo purification, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is transubstantiation?

A

Believing that the bread and wine given during a Roman Catholic ceremony transform into the flesh and blood of Jesus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do Protestants think of the ritual ornaments and decoration in churches.

A

They think they are a distraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In religious terms, what is a relic?

A

In religion, a relic usually consists of the physical remains of a saint or the personal effects of the saint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In religious terms, what is a saint?

A

Saints in the Roman Catholic Church are given great respect—but not worshipped—because of their spiritual and religious significance and are believed to be the bearers of special powers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the 8 most important ideas of Martin Luther.

A
  1. The only way to gain God’s forgiveness and ensure your place in heaven is to believe in Jesus Christ.
  2. Believing in Jesus Christ is more important than church ceremonies or going to Mass.
  3. The church has no need for expensive buildings, ornaments or other treasures.
  4. Priests should be allowed to marry if they choose.
  5. Ordinary people do not need priests to help them find God.
  6. The ruler of each country and not the Pope, should be the leader of their church.
  7. Ordinary people should read the bible for themselves in their own language rather than in Latin.
  8. The wealth of the Church should belong to the ruler of that country.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Of the 8 most important ideas proposed by Martin Luther, which do you think concerned the Pope and the Catholic Church the most. Why do you think this was? (6 marks: 3 marks for identifying 3 reasons and the other 3 marks for explaining why you chose these.

A
  1. Believing in Jesus is more important than going to Church - the Priests used the ceremonies to control the people and they would then have less control over them. It was probably here they collected money for indulgences, burials, baptisms er
  2. Ordinary people should read the bible for themselves in their own language rather than Latin - if ordinary people, which are the majority, can read the bible for themselves and learn about Jesus and believe in him without going to Church then there will be less money for the church. Also if the priests were uneducated it was very unlikely they were teaching the true word of God from the bible as they probably couldn’t read and wouldn’t have ready and fully understood the bible.If the people could read themselves then they would realise the priests were frauds.
  3. The wealth of the country should go to the ruler of that country rather than the Pope in Rome - the result of this is that the money generated by the Church would go to the king rather than the Pope; this would greatly reduce the income of the Roman church.

You could also have talked about the pope losing power to the King
Roman priests being out of a job
Reduction in money to the Church in the form of indulgences if they do not need to have lavishly decorated buildings which were being paid for by working families. People paid because they wanted to be ‘saved’, but Luther believed this was not in the gift of the Church.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why did the Renaissance encourage the reformation to happen?

A

The Renaissance encouraged an attitude of looking anew at the world and questioning why things were done in the way they were. This was particularly the case with religion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is humanism?

A

Humanism understands the value of human beings, individually and all together, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence over acceptance or superstition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why did humanism help the reformation to happen?

A

Humanism encouraged scholars to read the bible very closely and test the accuracy of translations. They compared what they read to how the Catholic Church actually did things and they saw discrepancies, particularly with superstitious or ritualistic aspects of Catholic beliefs, e.g. relics of Saints.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is anti clericalism?

A

Anti-clericalism is opposition to religious authority. Historical anti-clericalism has mainly been opposed to the influence of Roman Catholicism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why did the anti clericals help the reformation happen?

A

Anti-clericals were angry at:

  1. the way that some priests behaved (drinking, feasting, womanising and being uneducated and ignorant of Christianity)
  2. at the money making abuses of the church
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What were the money making abuses of the Catholic Church which angered the anti clericals so much?

A
  1. Pluralism

2. Absenteeism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is pluralism and why did it anger the anti-clericals so much?

A

Money making abuse of the Roman Catholic Church where one priest would have many parishes that he would serve and collect money from. Each parish would only get a fraction of the Priests time in comparison to all of his time if he only had one Parish. The church would like this set up as they needed to fund many less priests, but still collected all the money.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why did absenteeism annoy the anti-clericals and help the Reformation happen?

A

Absenteeism - priests living away from their parish- this showed that the Priest was not interested in his people and only in collecting money.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Summarise the three main reasons for why the reformation happened.

A
  1. Renaissance
  2. Humanism
  3. Anti-clericals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Discrepancies in the way the Roman Catholic Church was run encouraged protest at the unjustified teachings and corruption. Who led these protests?

A

Martin Luther

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What were those who protested and said the church neede reform called?

A

Protestants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What did the Protestants do which resulted in two main churches: Protestant and Catholic?

A

Protestants eventually broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and set up their own slightly different version of Christianity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When the Reformation began which asking was in charge in England and had already broken away from Rome, forming the Church of England?

A

Henry VIII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which Monarchs continued the reformation?

A

Edward VI and Elizabeth 1 (both children of Henry VIII)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Was Martin Luther educated?

A

Yes, he could read and write Latin and German fluently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Did Martin Luther think that the Roman Catholic Church ignored what the bible said?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Did Martin Luther believe that Christians were not being taught true religion by the Roman Catholic Church?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What language does Martin Luther translate the bible into to make it more accessible to normal people?

A

Martin Luther translated the bible from Latin to German which was the language of local people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Did Martin Luther believe the Pope claimed to have power to which they have no right?

A

Yipideedo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How could the Church of England be considered corrupt, but popular in 1529?

A

Corrupt: only interested in money
Popular: it was a way that people could buy their way to heaven

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why was the Church of England considered a corrupt church in England in 1529?

A
  1. It was led by greedy men who were not setting a good example of Christian holyness.
  2. The men running the Church were often only in it for the money.
  3. They were often uneducated. Being a priest was the only way to get money.
  4. They weren’t giving spiritual help to the people
40
Q

How did the church make money?

A

Charged people for baptisms
Charged people for burials
Took a 1/10th of the farmers harvest - the church was very powerful and controlling.

41
Q

In which country did the Reformation start?

A

Germany

42
Q

When and what started the attack on the Roman Church in 1517 in Germany?

A

The publishing of Martin Luther’s 95 theses.

Luther pinned his long protest in Latin on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church.

43
Q

What was Martin Luther’s 95 theses?

A

Criticism of the indulgences and other aspects of the Church

44
Q

Did Martin Luther expect his theses to go public or to be read by academics? 2 reasons, why do you think this (4marks: 2 marks for the reasons and 2 marks for explaining).

A
  1. The theses was written in Latin and most people at the time could not read this language of scholars. This included the rich and the Royals!
  2. It was pinned to the church door which was the normal way for academics to release their work and get comments from other academics before a bigger discussion. Importantly, he did not release it to the general public.

You could also have had that he tried to get the theses back after it was made public, but it had gone viral ie. everyone knew about it and it spread far and wide across Europe as many people were unhappy with the Church.

45
Q

He had been troubled for a number of years by his faith, but what was the tipping point that made Martin Luther write the 95 theses?

A

The Church was asking for money for indulgences to pay for the restoration of building in Rome in return for forgiveness of sins. Martin Luther thought this was a con.

46
Q

Why did the 95 theses go public?

A

Someone took down the pamphlet and made a copy of it. It would be normal for a number to be made available for all the academic staff at a large university. Someone then had it translated into German and it was printed off for the general public to have greater access to it.

47
Q

Given that the majority of people in 1517 could not read, how was the information spread?

A

The majority of people could not read or write in 1517 but it was common for a person who could read to do so out in the public domain (such as a market square) if he believed that he had something of interest that others might want to hear. This is how the information spread.

48
Q

Why were people so interested in what Martin Luther had to say?

A

Many people agreed what was stated in the theses about indulgences especially as they were the ones who had to pay for them and left them short of money and hungry.

49
Q

Why did Martin Luther’s words spread so widely?

A

Traders came into the city and left to go to the outlying areas where they lived. It is probable that this is how the thoughts of Luther spread so quickly.

Do note that his ideas would not have spread if they had meant nothing to the people in north Germany.

50
Q

Give a reason why an academic questioning the Church was so damaging for the church rather than a farmer complaining.

A

The response of the public to Luther’s work was outside of his control in the sense that once a respected academic was seen to be questioning the stance of the Roman Catholic Church, then it is likely that other less educated people might follow suit.

51
Q

How do we know that Martin Luther had not set out to do something revolutionary with his 95 theses?

A

Luther’s attempt to retrieve that pamphlet prove that he was not setting out to do something drastic or revolutionary.

52
Q

What effect did his failure to retrieve the pamphlet have on Europe?

A

His failure to do so was to have massive consequences for Europe and lead to the Reformation.

53
Q

What were the indulgences that the church sold?

A

An indulgence was a payment to the Catholic Church that purchased an exemption from punishment (penance) for some types of sins.

54
Q

What was it that the church sold to raise lots of money for an already very wealthy establishment?

A

Although reformers had many complaints about the Catholic Church of the 16th century, the practice of selling “indulgences” raised the most opposition.

55
Q

Why had the church been previously popular with the people resulting in them happily handing over their money?

A
  1. People wanted the souls of themselves and their families to be saved and they believed they could ‘buy’ this.
  2. People believed they should pay for the upkeep and respect of statues and rituals as this was part of the belief that the church would save them from their sins.
  3. More young men wanted to be priests as it was considered a worthy profession by the people.
56
Q

What was the pinning of Luther’s 95 thesis similar to in today’s terms?

A

Putting a notice up on a notice board

57
Q

Who had arrived in a Germany in 1517 to sell indulgences (pardons for sins) on behalf of the Pope to raise money for the Roman church.

A

John Terkel

58
Q

What did the Roman Catholic Church teach in 1517 as a way to be forgiven for sins?

A

In those days, the Church taught that sinners who felt truly sorry could be forgiven if they did a penance. Indulgences, which could bought, were supposed to let the sinner off.

59
Q

Who could buy an indulgence from the Roman Catholic Church?

A

Any Christian

60
Q

Why did Luther claim that Tetzel was deliberately misleading people?

A

Tetzel told them that as soon as they had paid their money they were forgiven.

Luther was worried that people would not understand that they also had to feel truly sorry.

61
Q

What did Luther do when his 95 thesis protest gained little attention?

A

He wrote in out again in German

62
Q

What happened when the 95 thesis was written out in a German

A

Immediately there was an uproar
Germans were sick and tired of paying taxes to a Pope
Luther’s arguments lit a fire to their anger

63
Q

What did the German’s think of the Pope

A

They though of him as a foreign Prince who took their money in taxes and they were sick of it.

64
Q

Did Luther do this to defy the Pope?

A

No, Luther thought the Pope did not know about the indulgences and he thought he was doing the Pope a favour by exposing Tetzel.

65
Q

Did the Pope know about Tetzel?

A

Yes, the Pope did know. Tetzel was simply carrying out the Pope’s wishes to generate more money for church building repairs in Rome.

66
Q

Luther was not particularly religious as a young man. What changed his mind and made him become a monk?

A

At the age of 21 he was walking home from college when he was caught in a violent thunderstorm and a bolt of lightening came so near him he fell over.

He took the storm to be a sign from God. It was this experience that made him decide to be a monk.

67
Q

Luther visited Rome in 1510 as part of his new career as a monk. What did he witness there?

A

Luther saw the luxurious way in which the Pope lived and he wondered ‘If Christ was poor, why is the Pope so rich?’

He also saw Michaelangelo paining the ceiling of the luxurious Sistine Chapel

68
Q

Around 1510 when Luther was a monk, how did the Roman Catholic Church teach that salvation (eternal life) could be achieved?

A
  1. By being baptised
  2. By going regularly to Mass
  3. Worship holy relics like pieces of wood supposed to have been part of Christ’s cross.
69
Q

Luther thought there might be another route to God’s forgiveness and therefore salvation. What was it?

A

That God would pardon all people who believed in Jesus Christ , no matter how many good or bad deeds they did, how many masses they attended or how many time they went on a pilgrimage.

70
Q

What happened to people in the past who said that the Church was not important and people did not have to go?

A

People who said the church could be by passed were burnt

71
Q

Did the monks from the Roman Catholic Church take sides in the argument between Tetzel and Luther?

A

Yes they did. Tetzel and Luther belonged to different brotherhoods that were already rivals and so monks rushed to either side and began a war of words and books.

72
Q

At first Luther condemned only the indulgences, but what happened when the argument heated up between the brotherhoods supported Tetzel and those supported Luther?

A

Luther condemned other things about the church as well as the indulgences.

73
Q

Wha5 did the Pope do when Luther condemned lots of areas of church teachings?

A

He gave Luther 60 days to take back what he said or be expelled from the church and declared an outlaw.

74
Q

Did Luther withdraw what he said to prevent him being expelled and declared an outlaw?

A

No, he didn’t.

75
Q

How did the German people react to the threat from the Pope?

A

They were angry. All the hatred of foreign Popes surfaced.

90% of German supported Luther and the other 10% wanted to get rid of the Roman Catholic Church.

76
Q

What was King Charles V’s role in the events?

A

He had just been elected overlord of the German states

77
Q

Why did King Charles V summon Luther to his parliament for a meeting?

A

To attend a meeting to determine how authorities (both political and religious) should respond to Martin Luther’s teachings.

78
Q

What was King Charles V’s parliament or court called?

A

Diet of worms. The parliament is known as a ‘diet’. Worms is a place.

79
Q

Did King Charles V support Luther?

A

No. He condemned him as a heretic and ordered all Christians to treat him as an outlaw.

80
Q

Why did Luther not get murdered on the way out of Worms?

A

His bodyguard prevented it and he was guarded by German Knights

81
Q

The danger to Luther’s life was so great after the King had declared him an outlaw that he went into hiding. Who helped him to this?

A

Frederick the wise, a lord of Wittenberg

82
Q

What did Frederick the wise do to help Luther into hiding after he was declared an outlaw?

A

He staged a fake ambush. Luther was carried off and hidden in Wartburg castle in central Germany.

83
Q

Was Luther quiet while he was in hiding?

A

No way! He continued his war of words against his enemies writing leaflets and books. He also translated the bible into German so that local people could read it.

84
Q

Was Luther successful in his War of words?

A

Yes, Protestant churches still exist today across the World

85
Q

Where is Worms in the diet of Worms?

A

Worms is a place in Germany where the meeting to decide what to do about Luther’s teaching was held.

86
Q

What is a heretic?

A

Someone whose beliefs are different to the established beliefs of the time.

87
Q

List the reasons why you think that Luther’s ideas went ‘viral’ spreading far and fast.

A
  1. Helped by the support of Frederick the wise.
  2. The subject was interesting: everyone wanted salvation and eternal life.
  3. Luther had translated the bible into a German so local people could read it for themselves and make comparisons with the Churches teachings.
  4. New printing press technology that allowed writings to be passed on
  5. Other people took up Luther’s ideas and promoted them.
88
Q

Why was Frederick the wise so important as Luther’s patron and supporter? (3 marks)

A
  1. He protected him and hid him from his enemies
  2. Promoted Luther’s ideas using his political influence
  3. Because Frederick is considered wise, many people accept his promotion of Luther’s ideas.
89
Q

If the church was doing things incorrectly, as Luther suggested, why was everyone son interested?

A

Christianity and salvation of one’s sole was everyone’s goal. All Christians went to church and adhered to the teachings because they wanted eternal life.

If the church was doing things wrong then the people would not get the salvation.

90
Q

Why do you think Luther translated the bible and his teachings into a German?

A
  1. So that common people could understand and discuss his ideas as well as academics.
  2. To allow common people to compare the teachings of the bible with those of the Catholic Church.
  3. So they could understand the bible and believe in Christ for themselves. Remember that Luther though that salvation came from believing in Christ.
91
Q

How did Luther’s followers made use of the printing press technology to spread his teachings?

A

They created many copies of Luther’s works that could be sold or passed around, spreading Luther’s ideas to a much larger audience.

92
Q

Some people adapted Luther’s ideas creating new types of Protestantism. Give an example.

A

John Calvin took up Luther’s ideas and created Calvinism

93
Q

What was Calvinism?

A

A belief that those who are to go to heaven have been pre- destined for this since before birth.

94
Q

In your opinion which of the many reasons fewer responsible for Luther’s ideas going viral?

A

Translating the bible and books into a German to make them more accessible to normal people.

95
Q

Who was John Tetzel?

A

Tetzel was known for granting indulgences on behalf of the Roman Catholic Church in exchange for money, which are claimed to allow a remission of temporal punishment due to sin, the guilt of which has been forgiven, a position heavily challenged by Martin Luther. This contributed in part to the Reformation.

History (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions