Henry VII Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
In what year did Henry VII gain power?
A
1485
2
Q
What was the name of the battle where Henry VII gained power?
A
The battle of Bosworth
3
Q
Which two armies battled each other at the battle of Bosworth in 1485?
A
King Richard III
Henry Tutor
4
Q
Who was killed in the battle of Bosworth in 1485?
A
King Richard III
5
Q
Where did Henry Tudor’s soldiers find King Richard’s crown?
A
In a bush
6
Q
What did Henry Tudor do to prove that King Richard III was killed in the battle?
A
Ordered Richard’s naked body to be slung over a mule and taken to Leicester where he was paraded before the people so that Henry could then claim his accession to the throne.
7
Q
When was Henry Tudor crowned king?
A
After he paraded Richard III’s body before the people of Leicester.
8
Q
What did parliament do after Henry was crowned?
A
Backdated his reign to the day before the battle of Bosworth.
9
Q
Why was it important to backdate Henry Tudor’s reign?
A
So that everyone who fought against Henry Tudor at the battle of Bosworth could be tried for treason and killed. This therefore got rid of all King Richard III supporters.
10
Q
Who was Henry Tudor?
A
Self pronounced king who had returned from exile in France and wanted to fight Richard III to claim the throne.
11
Q
Why did Henry Tudor win the battle when they were greatly outnumbered by Richard’s army and they were being defeated?
A
A third army, Sir William Stanley, came to the rescue with 3000 men who fought on the side of Henry Tudor.
12
Q
After Richard III crown was found in a bush, what happened to it next?
A
It was placed on Henry Tudor’s head.
13
Q
Apart from Sir William Stanley’s army joining forces with Henry Tudor, why did Richard III lose?
A
Richard III’s army deserted him.
14
Q
How many years had the Yorkist and Lancastrians been at war for before the Battle of Bosworth?
A
30 years
15
Q
Why was England in disorder when Henry Tudor took power?
A
The war of the roses had left England in disorder and Henry now faced many problems.
16
Q
Give examples of the many problems Henry Tudor faced when he gained power of the country.
A
- Nobels were unsettled.
- Law and order had crumbled.
- Henry Tudor needed money to provide a strong base to run the country.
17
Q
Why was the country so poor when Henry Tudor took charge?
A
The Hundred Years’ War with France had left the country poor.
18
Q
What did Henry VII have to do to secure his position and hold on to power?
A
Act fast to solve the problems and restore order.
19
Q
What was Henry Tudor’s most important challenge when he took over power?
A
To win the support of his people.
20
Q
Henry VII needed to secure a significant fortune which he could use to rule the country. How did he generate this?
A
- Fined his enemies in the court of star chamber.
- Confiscated land.
- Demanded payment when he made a treaty with a foreign power
21
Q
What was the court of Star Chamber?
A
A special court to deal with cases unsuitable for the normal law courts.
22
Q
What 4 issues did Henry VII tackle during his reign?
A
- Money
- Gaining support and making policies
- Foreign policy and alliances (friendships) including marriage alliances
- Overcoming rebellions
23
Q
Sir Richard Empson and Sir Edmund Dudley were employed by Henry Tudor to raise more money. What did they do?
A
- Revived old laws and fined people for having broken them.
2. Favourite way - using forced loans or gift to the king
24
Q
What was a benevolence?
A
Gift to the king (sometimes forced)
25
How did Henry Tudor raise money to go to war with France?
Forced loans or gifts to the king
26
How much did London contribute to the war funds?
£9000
27
Did Henry Tudor actually go to war with France?
No, Henry Tudor kept the money.
28
How much money did Henry Tudor leave his son and heir?
4.5 million pounds which in today’s money is 200 million!!!
Very greedy given that it was all from taxes and fines!!
29
What two things helped to strengthen Henry VII’s power?
1. The country needed law and order following the wars of the roses which had been a long period of upheaval.
2. By 1485 the number of barons was reduced and their status weakened because some had died in the wars and others had lost land.
30
What land did Henry VII start taking back?
Land the crown had lost or given away before him reign
31
What practice did Henry VII get rid of relating to the barons?
Livery and maintenance
32
What was livery and maintenance relating to the barons?
Barons employed large numbers of armed men who wore the livery and badge of their lord (the baron) and supported him when necessary.
33
Give an example of when livery and maintenance might be used to protect the baron.
If the baron got into trouble and was brought before a court, the baron would fill the court with his armed men and bully the court into a favourable verdict (outcome).
34
How did Henry VII stop livery and maintenance?
He passed a law against it at the start of his reign and enforced it strongly.
35
Henry VII also passed an act which reorganised the court of star chamber. He strengthened the power of this court. What did he use it for?
Used for rebellion and lawlessness
36
Comment on the running of the court of star chamber.
1. Not bound by rules of procedure
2. Acted quickly and efficiently
3. Even used torture
37
Why was the court of star chamber popular in its early years?
It provided good order and prompt justice
38
One of Henry VII’s policies was to strengthen the middle classes. How did he do this?
1. Gave them more power and say in the running if the country
2. Employed them as royal servants and officials
3. Appointed as Justices of the peace.
39
Why did these additional positions in the country improve the strength of the middle classes?
The increased involvement in official duties made them more important and raised their standing.
40
Why did Henry VII want to strengthen the middle classes?
Because then they would give Henry VII more support.
| Help him establish law and order.
41
In 1942 Henry VII and the King of France signed a treaty- the Treaty of Etaples - why did they do this?
To avoid war
42
The King of France paid Henry VII money when they signed the treaty. Why did he do this?
The King of France did not want to go to war and so paid Henry VII a large sum of money to avoid war.
43
Why was Henry VII so annoyed with the King of France that he wanted to go to war?
The King of France marriage proposal had effectively joined Brittany with France and this annoyed Henry VII.
44
Name two other treaties which gave Henry VII further power?
1. Ponying Law
2. Commercial treaty with Flanders
3. Encouraged Cabot’s voyage across the Atlantic
45
What was Poynings Law?
Through this Henry VII gained control of Ireland.
All laws passed by the Irish parliament had to have the agreement if the English government.
All laws passed by the English parliament were automatically applied to Ireland.
46
Henry VII arranged some very strategic marriages between important and influential people. Give three examples:
1. Henry’s eldest son with a Spanish Princess - securing an alliance with Spain.
2. Henry’s daughter with a Scottish nobleman - securing an alliance with Scotland.
3. Henry’s youngest daughter with first a French nobleman and then the Duke of Suffolk.
47
Name 5 key features of Henry the VII’s reign?
1. Defeat of the rebellious opposition.
2. Increased control over the nobles, particularly by the statute of livery and maintenance and the court of star chambers.
3. Increased wealth mainly through fining and benevolence.
4. Successful foreign policy and marriage alliances.
5. Expansion of foreign trade and exploration.
48
Ñame 4 conspiracies and rivals that affected Henry Tudor during his reign.
1. Lambert Simnel
2. Perkin Warbeck
3. De la Poles
4. Sir William Stanley
49
Who was Lambert Simnel? Discuss how he was a pretender to the throne and therefore a rival wishing to cause a rebellion against Henry VII?
1. Lambert Simnel claimed in 1487 to be the young earl of Warwick.
2. He was trained by Yorkist supporters and a priest to try to trick everyone.
3. Supported by the duchess of Burgundy who provided money and men.
50
Why did Lambert Simnel travel to Ireland to strengthen his fake claim?
Ireland was a traditional stronghold for the Yorkist area and he wanted their support in his Yorkist plot to overthrow Henry VII.
51
How did Henry Tudor respond to Lambert Simnel’s claim that he was the young Earl of Warwick?
Henry VII paraded the real Earl of Warwick through the streets of London.
52
Where had the real Earl of Warwick been before he was paraded through the streets?
He had been imprisoned in the Tower of London by Henry VII.
53
What happened to Lambert Simnel in Dublin (Ireland)?
He was crowned king even though he was an imposter.
54
What did Henry VII do when Lambert Simnel, crowned king, crossed into England to seize the thrown.
Henry VII sent an army to defeat him.
55
How was Lambert Simnel ‘trained’ to be the imposter of the young Earl of Warwick?
He was taught courtly manners, changed his name to Edward and was taken to Ireland to meet Irish nobels who were opposed to Henry VII.
56
After the battle between Lambert Simnel’s army and Henry VII, did Lambert (the fake Edward) get killed.
No, he was captured by Henry VII men.
57
Did Lambert Simnel (fake Edward) get hung for treason?
The false boy king was captured but he was granted his life because he was considered too young to have carried out the crime.
58
Why did the priest who set up Lambert Simnel to be the fake king get to survive even though he had committed treason?
Because he was a priest.
59
What was Perkin Warbeck’s claim to the throne?
He was an imposter who claimed he was Richard, the younger of the two supposedly murdered Princes in the tower.
60
Which influential people supported Perkin Warbeck’s claim that he was Prince Richard?
Margaret of Burgundy
| Support from Ireland, Flanders and Scotland.
61
Who invaded England on Warbeck’s behalf?
James IV, King of Scotland.
62
What happened when the King of Scotland led a rebellion in Cornwall by Yorkist supporters?
they were defeated by Henry VII
63
Perkin Warbeck was desperate to be king and when the rebellion led by the Scottish King failed, what did he do?
He landed in Cornwall to try to revive the rebellion.
64
Did Perkin Warbeck’s own rebellion work against Henry VII?
No he was captured, taken to the Tower of London and later executed.
65
Who else was executed at the same time as Perkin Warbeck’s?
Earl of Warwick, who was a rival to the king.
66
How likely was it that Simnel and Warbeck were the rivals to the thrown that they claimed to be?
Simnel: the real Earl of Warwick was still alive at the time at Simnel claimed he was him. Richard VII knew this could not be true as he was holding captive the real Earl and then paraded him through the streets. Just because Simnel was a similar age and had been taught courtly manners and changed his name, did not mean he was the Earl.
Warbeck: It is unlikely Warbeck was the young Prince Richard as the Prince had not been seen since they were imprisoned in the tower. there were two brothers imprisoned in the tower and if they survived, the older one would have made claim to the thrown and not the younger one. No one had seen them. Later the bones of two young boys aged 10 and 12, the ages they were captured, were found near the tower.
67
Who was Richard de la Pole and why did he think he had a claim to the throne?
Richard de la Pole was the last member of the house of York to actively and openly seek the crown of England.
The de Poles thought they had a claim to the throne because they would have inherited the throne if Richard III had lived. The elder brother was named heir to the throne by their maternal uncle Richard III. The elder brother joined with Henry Tudor and did not claim the throne for himself.
68
Explain Sir William Stanley part of a conspiracy against Henry VII when he initially fought with him to help him defeat Richard III at the battle of Bosworth?
Sir William Stanley was a Yorkist who initially helped Henry to win the battle of Boswell, but later turned against him and was involved in the treason where Perkin Warbeck pretended to be the missing young prince.
69
What did Henry do when he found out that Sir William Stanley, a man he had rewarded handsomely for his help at the battle of Bosworth, had been involved in treason.
He executed him.
70
What does establishing legitimacy mean for a King such as Henry Tudor?
Establishing legitimacy means convincing people that he was the rightful king and a good king.
71
Name 4 things Henry VII did to stabilise his legitimacy to be the rightful king.
1. Created an image and symbolism of being King
2. Married Elizabeth of York
3. Worked with parliament to create policies and law and order
4. Made the date of the start of his reign 21st August 1485, the day before the battle of Bosworth, making all the people who fought against him guilty of treason.
72
How did Henry VII create the image and symbolism of being King?
He had to maintain a lavish and impressive court so he spent money freely when it suited him.
He had articles written about him that suggested he was very clever, appreciating the arts and sciences.
73
Why was Henry Tudor so keen to marry Elizabeth of York and make her the first Tudor queen?
Elizabeth was a Yorkist princess, who although declared illegitimate she was welcomed back to court by her uncle Richard III.
Henry Tudor knew the importance of Yorkist support for his invasion at the battle of Boswell and promised to marry her before his arrival in Britain.
THIS WOULD UNITE THE HOUSES OF THE LANCASTRIANS AND YORKISTS.
74
Why was Henry Tudor’s promise to marry Elizabeth of York important at the time?
It make the Yorkist soldiers less confident about following Richard III into battle. This was clever because the yorkists then deserted Richard in battle.
75
Name 5 treaties were set up by Henry.
1. Poynings Law (1494)
2. Magnus Intercursus with Flanders - a commercial trade treaty
3. Treaty of Etaples (1492)
4. Treaty of Medina del Campo (1489)
5. Treaty of Ayton (1502)
76
What is the Intercursus Magnus?
A major and long lasting commercial treaty signed by King Henry VII and the Duke of Burgundy (Netherlands). It secured England’s textile (cloth) exports to Burgundy and got rid of any competitors as there was now a trade embargo set up by the treaty.
77
What was the treaty of Etaples 1492
1. Treaty served to end an English Invasion of France which was launched to stop them supporting the pretender Perkin Warbeck.
2. Henry VII youngest child Mary married Louis XII of France thus forming an alliance.
78
What is an alliance?
A friendship or friendly agreement.
79
What was the treaty of Medina del Campo 1489? Name three things that it caused.
Treaty of Medina del Campo was a treaty developed between England and Spain.
1. Created a common policy for dealing with France
2. Reduction in tariffs for trading between Spain and England.
3. The arrangement of a marriage between Arthur’s, Henry’s eldest son and Catherine of Aragon.
The marriage was necessary to seal the treaty.
80
What is the treaty of Ayton?
This was the treaty of perpetual peace signed between Henry and the Scottish King James IV. This brought about peace after the Scottish King had supported the pretender Perkin Warbeck.
Henry’s daughter then married the Scottish king to help create this alliance.
81
Henry needed to secure a financial base: greater independence/ prestige/ more powerful than the nobles.
Give three examples of how Henry achieved this.
1. Empson and Dudley and Council learned in law
2. Royal estates
3. Chamber finances
82
Henry needed to control the country and the nobles ie gaining support and making policies. How did he do this?
He surrounded himself with able and effective councillors upon whose loyalty he could rely.
Secure acceptance of royal authority throughout the country
83
Henry used 3 things to control the country and the nobles. What were they?
1. Court of Star chambers
2. Bonds and recognisance
3. Acts of attained
84
Where was Henry VII born?
Wales in England
85
What year was Henry VII born?
1457
86
Henry VII was born into a country of conflict. Which branch of the Plantagenet royal family did he belong to?
The house of Lancaster
87
Who were the house of Lancaster, which Henry VII belonged to, fighting?
The house of York.
88
What were the house of Lancaster and the house of York fighting over?
The control of the throne
89
What was the war of the roses?
Fight between the houses of Lancaster and York for the control of the throne.
90
What was Henry’s claim to the throne?
Henry’s mother was a descendent of Edward III which gave Henry royal blood. His grandfather Owen Tudor was married to Catherine of Valois. He was first in charge of her wardrobe as a chamber servant. Catherine of Valois was the widow of Henry V. This gave him a real, though tenuous, claim to the throne.
91
When Henry Tudor was 14 years old, Edward IV won power for the house of York, what happened to Henry and the Lancastrian people?
1. Many Lancastrians were killed in the battle or executed when their royal house lost to the Yorkists.
2. Henry fled to France with his uncle.
92
When Edward IV died why did his brother Richard manage to make himself Richard III and king?
Richard usurped his 12 year old nephew Edward V who was the rightful heir, but too young.
93
When Richard made himself king upon the death of his brother who was the leading Lancastrian claimant to the English crown and therefore opponent to Richard?
Henry was the leading Lancastrian claimant to the throne currently under Yorkist rule.
94
What was Henry Tudor’s claim to the throne and why did he think it was a good time to attack?
Claim to throne
1. He had a claim on the throne as his mother, Margaret Beaumont, was a descendent of Edward III ( real, but tenuous claim).
Good time to attack
1. Richard III was unpopular
2. He saw the number of his supporters grow
3. The relatives of Edward IV were angry at Richard III for taking the throne away from Edward V (nephew). Even though the relatives were Yorkists they supported Henry Tudor because they hated Richard.
95
Who did Henry Tudor promise to marry if he became King?
He promised to marry Edward IV daughter, Elizabeth of York.
96
Why was marrying Elizabeth of York an excellent strategic move?
The marriage would unite the warring houses of York and Lancaster, the two opposing sides in the War of the roses.
97
Who were the two warring sides in the war of the roses?
York
| Lancaster
98
Which house in the war of the roses, did Elizabeth, Henry’s wife belong to?
Elizabeth of York was her title and so she was a Yorkist.
99
Which house in the war of the roses did Henry belong to?
Lancastrian
100
What did Henry do immediately after he secured parliamentary recognition of his title as King of England?
He married Elizabeth of a York fulfilling his promise to the the Yorkists and uniting the houses of Lancaster and York.
101
What did Henry adopt as the emblem of England after his marriage to Elizabeth of York?
Tudor rose
102
What did the emblem of England combine in the Tudor rose?
It combined the white rose of York with the red rose of Lancaster to symbolise the end of the war of the roses.
103
Henry’s grip on power was far from secure when he became king and his rule was he made several treaties what were they?
4 marks so 4 points.
1. Formed a treaty with a France that opened up trade between the two countries.
2. Secured England’s textile exports with a treaty with the Netherlands - Magnus Intercursus.
3. He arranged the marriage of his daughter, Margaret Tudor to James IV of Scotland to secure peace between Scotland and England.
4. Secured a marriage between his son Arthur and the Spanish princess, Catherine of Aragon. This secured peace with Spain.
104
Give two reasons why the marriage of Henry’s daughter, Margaret Tudor, to James IV of Scotland was good for consolidating power?
1. The marriage itself would promote peace between Scotland and England.
2. James IV descendants would have a claim to the English throne which would further keep the Scottish royalty and Scottish people happy.
105
Why did Catherine of Aragon marry Henry’s son Arthur and the Henry’s son also called Henry?
Arthur, the elder son, died suddenly and so to continue the promotion of peace between England and Spain, the next son then married the Catherine of Aragon.
Note that marriages in these times were for power, peace or money in those days rather than love.
106
How did Henry VII build up the royal finances during his reign? 3 marks and so 3 reasons.
1. Avoiding war which was very expensive
2. Promoting trade
3. Enforcing taxes to the point of ruthlessness
107
Henry VII organised the collection of taxes and fines and improved law and order during his reign. Describe what he did? 3 marks
1. Royal council was reborn as the Court of Star Chamber to deal with judicial matters.
2. Arrangements were made to promote better order in Wales and the north through the creation of special councils.
3. More powers were entrusted to the justices of the peace.
108
What was the overall effect of Henry VII‘s changes to the taxation and law and order during his reign?
The combine impact of Henry VII‘s changes was to significantly increase the power of the king.
109
What did Henry VII die of?
Tuberculosis
110
Where was Henry VII buried?
Westminster Abbey
111
What state was Britain in when Henry VII died and left his heir (Henry VIII) the country? 4 marks
1. A safe throne
2. A solvent government (with money)
3. Prosperous country (wealthy)
4. United country
112
How many years did Henry VII rule for?
24 years and then he died from tuberculosis
113
Name 5 obstacles that Henry VII needed to overcome in order to be a good King. (5 marks)
1. Overcome conspiracies and enemies
2. Establish legitimacy (right to rule)
3. Improve finances
4. Improve law and order to control the nobles
5. Improve foreign policy to prevent expensive wars.
114
Henry had to establish legitimacy (right to rule), why did he have to do this?
Henry had a very weak blood claim to the throne, despite being the last Lancastrian claimant. He needed to convince the country that he was the rightful king for them to accept him and not fight against him. This was difficult for a king who had won the throne in battle rather than having a blood right to it.
115
Why did Henry VII need to improve his finances?
Money=power=security
Henry needed money to secure and consolidate his rule.
116
Why did Henry VII need to exert control over the over-mighty nobles in Britain?
These over powerful nobles had:
1. Weakened the kings from the past and caused wars and rebellions across Britain which were very expensive and reduced the power of the King.
2. Broken lots of laws and got away with it.
3. Damaged the reputation of the king
117
Why was making clever peace treaties with neighbouring countries important to Henry VII rule?
Wars were expensive and risky!!
There was the danger that foreign kings would support Yorkist rebels against Henry.
Making clever peace treaties with neighbouring countries helped to solve both these issues.
118
What would Henry VII have to do to rebellions and Yorkists plots if he was to stay King?
He would have to stop them.
119
What was one poor quality of Henry VII as king?
His LOVE of money! He was a greedy man.
120
Did Henry VII take religion seriously?
Yes, he took religion very seriously and took part in daily religious ceremonies.
121
Apart from his genuine belief in God, why else might Henry VII have taken religion so seriously in public?
He knew that the Britons took religion seriously and that the church had great power over them. If Henry VII was a religious man then he could use this power.
122
Henry VII was a fair and strong king and people felt safe under his reign. On thing made him unpopular, what was it?
He took lots of money from the people in taxes and fines which made him unpopular.
It was also unnecessary as the royal purse was very wealthy at 4.5 million (200 million in today’s money).
123
What did Henry VII do to reduce the power of the Noble classes (rich people)?
Henry Tudor passed laws against livery and maintenance, which:
1. stopped the nobility's ability to raise armies that were not part of the kings army
2. raised taxes on the nobility so they had much less money to fight a battle
124
Was Henry VII interested in architecture (buildings)?
Yes, lots. He developed the Tudor style of housing, some of which is still standing today.
125
Where was Henry VII crowned king?
Westminster abbey in 1485
126
Had Henry VII had any training as king before he started to reign?
No. He had lived in exile in France and so had not grown up learning how to rule and act as a king.
127
What evidence do we have that Henry VII was interested in money?
1. He collected lots of taxes and fines
2. He personally controlled the money which was unusual for a king.
3. Historical writings talk about his greed which was unnecessary as he was already very wealthy
128
How did Henry VII know what was going on in his country?
He had many spies and informants.
129
How did Elizabeth of York die?
She died in pregnancy on her 37th birthday.
130
Why was Elizabeth of York’s death difficult for Henry VII?
1. Because he loved and missed his wife
| 2. Many Yorkists only supported Henry because of Elizabeth. Now she was dead, they could cause a rebellion.
131
Did Elizabeth of York and Henry Tudor marry for love?
No, they married for peace of the nation. However they were very happy together and had 8 children. Henry VII was so upset at her death that he never remarried.
132
Did Henry VII like wars?
No, he avoided them. They cost too much money and he was greedy.
133
Name 4 regions that Henry VII set up treaties with?
France
Scotland
Spain
Ireland
134
Why were the Stanley’s not to be trusted in battle?
They had a reputation for fighter for the winning side and those willing to give them the greatest reward.
They had no loyalty to either Lancastrians or Yorkists.
135
Did Richard III think that the Stanley’s would fight on his side?
Sadly, yes, but they waited on the side and then joined the side of Henry Tudor which lost the battle for Richard III.
136
How close did Richard III come to killing Henry Tudor?
Very close. He killed his standard bearer instead (flag holder) who was very close to him.
137
Who actually killed Richard III?
Henry Tudor’s body guards
138
What was the exact date of the battle of a Bosworth Field?
22nd August 1485
139
During the battle: What did Richard III do? who did he try to get to and kill? Who was actually killed in this attempt?
In the middle of the battle, Richard III decided to personally target Henry Tudor. He got very close to him and managed to kill his standard bearer who was next to him. Henry’s body guards closed ranks and Henry was saved.
As a bid surprise to Richard III, Stanley’s army charged and Attacked Richard III and then fought on Henry’s side. Other armies standing on the side that Richard assumed would help him actually betrayed him.
Richard was unhorsed, fighting on foot and was killed.
140
Why did Richard III not trust the Stanley’s? How did they help Henry Tudor win?
Richard did not trust them because:
1. Stanley’s did not agree to fight for Richard III
2. Stanley’s had a reputation for fighting for the winning side
3. Stanley’s had a reputation for fighting for the highest reward
Stanley helped Henry win by:
1. By attacking Richard III
2. Fighting on Henry’s side against Richard III’s men
3. Caused Richard’s troops to desert him
141
Why did the nobles and the Stanley’s turn against Richard III?
1. Richard III’s Desiré for power had upset the nobles who might have fought on his side, but didn’t.
2. Henry Tudor’s mother was married to Lord Stanley.
142
Henry, a Lancastrian, was seen as winning the battle of Bosworth Field only with Yorkist support. Why would this cause him trouble later?
This would store up trouble for him in the future as these men were not loyal to him, it was more that they hated Richard and were happy that he was dead.
143
Who had the biggest army, Richard III or Henry Tudor at the battle of Bosworth Field?
```
Henry Tudor (5000 men, lots of then from France and Europe)
Richard III (12,000 men, although 4000 were Stanley’s who ended up switching sides)
```
144
Give two reasons for why you think Richard III lost the battle of Bosworth Field?
1. The Stanley’s switched sides and fought against him
2. Richard got angry and made a decision to target Henry Tudor himself rather than letting his men do it. This was stupid; as soon as Richard is dead the battle is over, although as long as he is alive it will continue.
145
Why was the battle of Bosworth Field one of the most important battles of the time?
It ended the reign of King Richard III and led to Henry Tudor becoming King Henry VII.
146
Why do you think the French king gave Henry Tudor money and soldiers to fight Richard III?
The King of France thought that a conflict in England would distract Richard III from fighting in France.
The money was therefore to provide peace in France.
147
Who else gave Henry Tudor money to fight Richard III?
Both the Stanley’s: Lord Thomas Stanley and Sir William Stanley.
148
Richard III imprisoned Lord Stanley’s eldest son, why?
As insurance to insure Lord Stanley’s good behaviour.
149
Did imprisoning Lord Stanley’s son give Richard III loyalty from him?
No way, it made him turn against him.
150
Why did Richard III do nothing when Henry Tudor first invaded?
He assumed that his own lords would squash the invasion which they did not.
151
What did Henry VII do to the Royal Estates when he became King to improve his finances?
Henry the VII took back all crown lands that the previous Tudor Kings had given away since 1455. He then rented them out and collected money and taxes.
152
What was the chamber finance for in Henry VII’s time?
The chamber finance was an efficient way for King Henry VII to keep an eye on the money that was being collected so that he always receives every penny that he should.
153
Name one advantage of law and order being delivered by the court of star chamber in comparison to previous methods delivered by the nobles?
MUCH quicker and more efficient. Even used torture if it had to, to get the answer they wanted.
154
What are acts of attainder in King Henry VII’s time?
If you have committed treason against the king, you will be killed and the land of all of you families land will also be taken.
155
How did King Henry VII use bonds and recognisances (legal agreement) to increase the power and dedication of the middle classes to the king?
```
Henry VII cleverly gave the middle class people more power in return for their support. They were given jobs in the palace as royal servants and official.
Importantly, they were completely dependent on the king.
```
156
Why had France and England been major rivals for a large number of years, 100 year - war?
They always clashed over English occupied land in France although by the time Henry VII took over France had regained most of its land
157
Why did Henry receive a vast sum of money for many years from France as part of the Treaty of Etaples?
Treaty of Étaples (November 3rd 1492). Henry received a promise from The French King that he would no longer give any assistance to any pretenders to the English throne. Henry also received a total of 745,000 crowns – the cost of the invasion had it happened – to be paid at 50,000 crowns a year. This amounted to about 5% of Henry’s total annual income.
