Market Structures, Efficiency & Perfect Competition Flashcards
How many models of market sellers are there?
4
State the 4 models of market sellers in order from most competitive to least competitive
1) Perfect competition
2) Monopolistic competition (imperfect competition)
3) Oligopoly (imperfect competition)
4) Monopoly (imperfect competition)
What is the concentration ratio?
Market share of an industry controlled by the ‘n’ largest firms
E.g. the 4 firm concentration ratio = the market share of an industry controlled by the 4 largest firms
What are the key 🔑 characteristics of market structures?
1) No. of firms/market concentration
2) Type of product sold
3) Knowledge of consumers and producers
4) Barriers to entry/exit
5) Price-setting powers
What would the concentration ratio be for the 4 models of market sellers?
Perfect competition- many small firms … ⬇️ concentration
Monopolistic competition- many small firms … ⬇️ concentration BUT ⬆️ than perfect competition
Oligopoly- a few large firms dominate … fairly ⬆️ concentration
Monopoly- 1 firm has 100% concentration ratio as dominates market
What type of product would be sold by the 4 models of market sellers?
Perfect competition- homogenous (exactly the same)- equal advantage
Monopolistic competition- similar
Oligopoly- some distinct characteristics e.g. Dell PC and Apple Mac
Monopoly- unique- 1 of a kind
What would the knowledge be like in the 4 models of market sellers?
Perfect competition- perfect knowledge (firm has access to info about rival firms’ price and output decisions- ALSO has access to latest technology, techniques and info on who makes supernormal profits)
Monopolistic competition- imperfect knowledge
Oligopoly- imperfect knowledge
Monopoly- imperfect knowledge
What would the barriers to entry/exit be like in the 4 models of market sellers?
Perfect competition- ✖️ barriers to entry/exit
Monopolistic competition- ⬇️ barriers to entry/exit
Oligopoly- ⬆️ barriers to entry/exit
Monopoly- very ⬆️ barriers to entry/exit
How many types of efficiency are there?
4
What are the types of efficiency?
1) Productive efficiency
2) Allocative efficiency
3) Dynamic efficiency
4) X-inefficiency
What is productive efficiency?
Occurs at lowest cost per unit of output (lowest point on the average total cost curve- when MC intersects AC) … firm producing as much as possible given the inputs
Does productive efficiency occur in long run perfect competition?
Yes
What is allocative efficiency?
Producing at a point where price of a 🚘 is = to marginal cost of production (P=MC) … price for unit = cost of making unit … welfare maximised
Does allocative efficiency occur in long run perfect competition?
Yes
What is dynamic efficiency?
How changes in technology and productive techniques over time ⬆️ the productive potential of a firm (ongoing and not static unlike productive and allocative efficiency)- can be increased via investment into R and D