Mark Scheme Answers Flashcards
Explain the physical effects on individual of abusing nicotine
Nicotine is addictive drug that affects brain & very difficult to quit
Absorbed through mouth & nose into lungs & travels through bloodstream to brain, where chemical changes occur
Causes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.
It’s stimulant & perks up CNS - it makes individuals more alert
Nicotine has been linked to smoking related illnesses, such as, cardiovascular diseases, pneumonia, emphysema, respiratory infections, cataracts, eye problems, certain cancers, e.g. mouth, pharynx, larynx, stomach, lung & kidney
Explain the physical effects on individual of abusing alcohol
Outline short term then long term
Explain the physical effects on individual of abusing prescription drugs
Prescription drugs alter chemical balance in brain
Different people can have different reactions to drugs due to differences in body chemistry causing dangerous effects for individuals
Effects such as weight gain/weight loss, sleeping excessively, increase in heart rate, depending on the prescription drug being abused
Identify and explain social consequences of substance abuse on society
FAMILY:
Substance abuse affects emotional & financial well-being of individual and entire family
People who use drugs withdraw from their family members and family activities
With drug abuse, people’s judgement & decision-making ability becomes greatly impaired, they may become more hostile toward family members
CRIME:
Drug abuse costs society financially, - costs to employers for their drug-using employees, absenteeism & reduced productivity, theft & higher claims due to accidents & injuries
Costs to law enforcement & criminal justice system to arrest & prosecute drug users who commit crimes
Costs to health-care system for caring for drug users & those whom they injure
Discuss how lifestyle choices can have an effect on an endurance athlete’s health
Endurance athletes need to be able to exercise for prolonged periods of time. They will need a strong, well trained cardiovascular system and balanced diet high in carbohydrates & fats for aerobic energy production.
Lifestyle factors such as sleep, diet, & other behaviours affect performance.
Coaches will encourage all athletes to lead healthy lifestyle which includes enough sleep, rest & recovery, eating healthy diet & avoiding unhealthy behaviours such as smoking, drinking alcohol & using drugs or banned substances.
An endurance athlete’s diet may be adjusted before competition to “carbohydrate load”.
Poor diet, coupled with inactivity, can lead to individuals becoming overweight or even obese, which is excessive accumulation of body fat. Excess weight could impact negatively on performance.
Exaplin why an athlete might use illegal drugs
Beta blockers - type of medication that can be used by sports performers to
lower metabolic activity,
Reduce heart rate & blood pressure
Help to steady nerves & stop trembling illegally used in activities such as archery
Anabolic steroids - typically taken orally or injected & facilitate storage of protein & growth of lean muscle mass – used by some power athletes. This will increase strength & power for aggressive sports.
Physiological reasons - Build muscle, increase energy & oxygen transport, lose weight, train harder or mask injury & reduce tiredness.
Psychological reasons – Steady nerves, to increase aggression, & motivation.
Social reasons – Pressure to win from coaches, peers & media. By winning athlete can earn more money & they’re prepared to ‘win-at-all-costs’.
Explain the consequences of using illegal drugs for athletes
Associated side effects of beta blockers are low blood pressure and chronic fatigue.
• Stripped of medals/titles/prize money.
• Banned from competitions.
• Loss of sponsorship.
• Loss of credibility in the sports community/no longer a role model.
• Legality, against the law of the land and against the laws of sport.
• Role modelling, gives a bad example to others, especially young
people who may copy their heroes and put their health at risk.
Gives a bad image to sport and lowers its status.
Examine the socio-economic barriers that can have an impact on sports participation for individuals in NI
Socio-cultural barriers - specific social & cultural practices, beliefs & traditions within community or society & how these impact on self-perceptions & perceptions of others.
Many people don’t have equal access to sport, often result of discrimination due to cultural variables
Cultural factors may provide barrier to potential opportunity of number of groups in society due to gender, class, race, age & ability.
In relation to provision this can cause a barrier for some people in society. For example, some people living in a poorer or inner-city area may find it difficult accessing suitable sports facilities to use.
Many people living in rural areas where transport required to travel to various institutions, many of which dispersed throughout geographical region, may be hindrance in terms of provision.
Some activities may require equipment, which can be expensive & inability to afford such equipment can directly restrict access through a lack of provision
Identify factors that can affect people on low incomes throughout Europe which may have an impact on health & well-being
Income and social status – Higher income & social status are linked to better health; greater gap between richest & poorest people, greater difference in health.
Unemployment, - members of workless households are more likely to live in poverty.
Education – Low education levels linked with poor health, more stress & lower self-confidence.
Physical environment – Safe water & clean air, healthy workplaces, safe houses, communities & roads all contribute to good health.
Employment & working conditions, people in employment healthier, particularly those who have more control over their working conditions
Personal behaviour & coping skills – Balanced diet, keeping active, smoking, drinking and how individuals deal with life’s stresses and challenges all affect health.
Health services – Access and use of services that prevent and treat diseases influences health
How does diet affect performance
Well balanced diet essential for optimal performance - made up of variety of different nutrients to keep body fit & healthy
Essential that balanced diet made up of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, fibre & water.
Eating correct quantities & combinations of food will keep body’s systems functioning effectively efficiently.
Well balanced diet will ensure correct amount of calorie intake provides body with enough energy to train effectively.
