Marc's Lectures Flashcards

Question

Ambivalence sexism

Answer 1

``` Idea that sexism can be manifested into primarily two forms: (A) Benevolent Sexism: belief that women are beautiful and fragile creatures who are not suited for the ruthless world around them and should be protected (even from themselves). It appears to stem from a positive view on women, but it is a very paternalistic and condescending view. (C) Hostile sexism: all women are promiscuous. They use their feminine wiles to get what they want from men. Is a more overt form of sexism. ``` *you can be one or you can be both

Answer 2

Intergroup behaviors, in SDO race is an arbitrary social category, whether ethnic groups are the target of interpersonal conflict is context dependent a differs country to country. The two consistent categories are young vs. old and men vs. women. Some categories are not as easy to spot with a look I.e. vegetarianism or veganism. ``` • They found that seeing the world as a dangerous place predicted RWA which in turn predicted negative attitudes towards vegans and vegetarians. • Seeing the world as a competitive jungle predicted SDO which in turn predicted vegetarianism and veganism. ``` ``` Why? 86% people eat meat. 5.5% are vegetarian and 1.5% are vegan. • Therefore, eating meat is normative and thereby being vegan or vegetarian is not liked by authoritarians because they are not doing what they’re told. NZ is the 3rd highest meat-eating countries. • SDO, animals are below people. Therefore, animals are not important and eating meat is an act of dominance. ```

Answer 3

``` SDO and RWA predict the extent to which you believe in conspiracy theories. • RWA and SDO are based on conforming and endorsing legitimate authority, whatever, the person believes to be the true authority. • Conspiracy theorists have in common rejection of the illegitimate authority and the dominant story “false story”. • In NZ, negative vaccinations attitudes are correlated with extreme right or left political views. • Openness to experience predicts less vaccination intentions but people who are high on RWA are low on openness. • Paranoid beliefs: is a weak and indirect predicts conspiracy beliefs through competitive world belief and SDO. ```

Answer 4

People’s Belief in Evolution: ``` o In turkey 25% of people believe in evolution. o In USA only 40% of people believe in evolution. o In Scandinavia 80% of people believe in evolution. o Countries with a secular (non- religious) society believe in evolution. o People who are religious do not believe in evolution. o In NZ, there are 79% believe in evolution. ``` ``` • The more you see the world as a dangerous place, the more RWA, the less you believe in evolution. • The more you see the world as a competitive jungle to more SDO the more you believe in evolution. ``` *unusual that SDO and RWA predict opposite outcomes. Why? Because evolution is a legitimizing myth, and characterize race based social hierarchy. RARE that SDO (+) and RWA (-) predicted beliefs in an opposite direction.

Answer 5

Jost argues: that the way we feel about political issues (social and economic) are a product of response to uncertainty and fear/threat in our environment. This overlaps well with the dual-process model: (A) Uncertainty (RWA) (B) Fear/Threat (SDO) (3) Motives we have to adopting certain political beliefs: 1. Epistemic Motives: *about the way we think a. Dogmatism/intolerance of ambiguity b. Uncertainty avoidance c. need for order, structure, closure 2. Existential Motives *things to do with our existence a. Self-esteem (poor self-esteem leads to more RWA) b. Loss Prevention c. Terror Management (mortality saliency, anxiety alleviated by RWA political beliefs reduces fear and uncertainty) 3. Ideological Motives *things to do with what we believe a. rationalisation of self-interest b. group-based dominance (SDO) c. Systems Justification ``` The operationalise political conservatism: (A) Resistance to change (RWA- authoritarianism) (B) Endorsement of Inequality (SDO- group based dominance) ``` ``` * In Jost’s article they also use SDO and RWA as proxy measures of political conservatism. However, Marc argues that they are not the same thing,as depicted by the dual-process Model. ``` Political conservatism is the product these 2 orientations SDO and RWA, they are not the same thing, SDO and RWA can predict political conservatism. ``` o Thus, Hypothetically if you were to change in scores for RWA and/or SDO than your placement on the political conservatism spectrum will change as a result. o A reverse hypothesis, if your political conservatism belief change than your RWA and SDO will change as a result. ``` **would be difficult to prove and would require longitudinal data.

Answer 6

If you conduct a factor analysis on political issues they factor into… (A) Social Issues (RWA) (B) Economic Issues (SDO) *After analysis, this is how social and economic issues best fit into the dual-process model. SDO and RWA fit into their respective pathways better than if they were the other way around or in combination.

Answer 7

``` They then speculated that.. (A) If you are SDO and RWA you are more politically conservative (B) Maybe it’s important about either having a double high or double low set of scores (RWA and SDO). ``` *it worked, just not as they expected! The more authoritarian you are the more politically conservative you are. High SDO leads to people being more politically conservative than Low SDO The fact that high and low SDO lines are not parallel or overlapping, indicates the possibility of a statistical interaction (albeit weak). e.g. double low leads to lowest political conservatism e.g. Low RWA and High SDO leads to less political conservatism relative to those High RWA who are almost anyway going to be politically conservative. ``` **double high scores ONLY applies to political conservatism because there are two factors: (A) High SDO economic conservative (B) High RWA social conservative (C) Double high or low conservative on both social and economic political issues. ```

Answer 8

Social Faux Pas and Theory of Mind- Social faux pas: social missteps i.e. talking about your promotion after you just told people they will lose their job (office UK scene). theory of mind: It’s an individual difference in people ability to predicts the thoughts going on in other people’s heads, to anticipate what is the right answer to the questions (if you do not have this you are likely to make social faux pas’s). They used similar office clips and showed them to old vs young participants compared to amount of social faux pas and emotion regulation models. ``` (A) Appropriate vs. Inappropriate to say (FP) (B) Ability to respond to our emotional response in an adaptive way (ER) ``` ``` • Control Group: older < younger • Faux Pas: younger < older • Emotion Regulation: younger > older. ``` They argue that as people get older the part of your brain which is responsible for providing appropriate responses to emotional responses degrades a bit (i.e. older people don’t spot social cues as well and more likely to social faux pas). Age correlated with emotional regulation (frontal cortex with executive functioning). In summary, older people have poorer emotional regulation skills than younger participants and were less likely to spot a social faux pas.

Answer 9

``` • Extended the above study by looking at age differences in RWA, emotion regulation. • Older people have higher RWA scores. Why? Their emotional regulation impairment may mean that making overtly racist statements do not appear to be socially unacceptable for older people (younger people see it as negative and inappropriate). ``` Is this evidence of differences in emotion regulation across age groups or does this merely reflect older and younger people growing up in different generation where the social norms and experiences were different? This is hard to disentangle without longitudinal data. There is a correlation between ageing and becoming more politically conservative. However, we know that the ages of 0-10 are crucial in developing people’s political beliefs. For example, having a defining event occur during this time (which makes mortality salient) will lead to you being more conservative later on.

Answer 10

• The higher SDO and RWA the less likely you are likely to believe in climate change. Why? Would authoritarians who are scared about the world being a threat not worried about climate change. If high RWA are invested in things staying the same they would not want to change their behaviour on an individual or society level. ``` Miflont’s theory on individual differences in people’s ability to position themselves in the future or in the past can be a factor on whether or not people believe in climate change. (A) Future thinkers are more concerned about climate change (B) Past thinkers are less concerned about climate change ``` *Politically conservative people have a backwards position in time (i.e. make America great again).

Answer 11

Graph highlights that the more politically conservative you are the less likely you are to believe in climate change. ~-.50 correlation.

Answer 12

*the point of this was to highlight that both sceptics of climate change and firm believers in climate change can take strong negative interpersonal attitudes about the other group.

Answer 13

*negative correlation with green party who are liberal (reduce social inequality and advocate for social change). In contrast, with National it’s + correlated!

Answer 14

The gap between lay audience and scientific consensus about climate change crisis. ``` • 97% of climate change scientist’s agree that climate change is occurring. • However, the public’s perception perceive there to be little agreement among scientists. ```

Answer 15

``` (A) one flaw is that its measuring consensus estimates it doesn’t show if people are changing their beliefs about climate change. (B) that as a mediation model the effect of climate change consesnsus on the relationship between 97% scientific consensus and climate change belief is weak and minuscule. ```

Answer 16

Kerr & Wilson (2018a) ``` • Shows that peoples beliefs in climate change at trimester 1 predicted climate change beliefs at time 2. • Perceived consensus among scientists at trimester 1 predict perceived consensus among scientists at time 2. • However, we rationalize our perceptions on the consensus among scientists to match what we believe and not the other way around. ```

Answer 17

Large survey study of 9000 participants, SDO, RWA, conservatism, political conservatism, objective feelings on science and scientists and beliefs about GMT in food, fluoride in drinking water, vaccines and climate change. SEM Model: ``` • High SDO and RWA scores negatively predict trust in scientists. • The only variable which predicts beliefs about climate change or other science issues is peoples perceptions about scientists credibility! ``` In summary, the influence of scientific consensus on beliefs about climate change is determined by people’s perceptions on the credibility of scientists and science, which, in turn, is founded on RWA and SDO personality traits (much like political conservatism is).

Answer 18

``` • They argued not to tell people about climate change and expect them to change their behaviour because this is incredibly threatening. Therefore, they suggest to focus on the positives i.e. focus on the world you want to live in in 50 years. Then ask them to what extent do they think recycling, cutting down consumption of animals, moving to renewable energy, will damage this future you desire? Many so no and might even help us. • To not focus on debating whether or not climate change is a real issues but to focus on a collective societal goal about the future we want (for disbelievers). ```