key point reading Flashcards
Aron, Melinat, Aron, Vallone & Bator (1997) Main findings
Study 1 & 2:
> avoidant/dismissive pairs reported less post instruction closeness than any other pair. > Pairs with a preoccupied partner reported greater discrepancy between actual and desired closeness than other pairs. > For all pairings there was an overall change in reported attachment style from before and after the interaction in the direction of greater endorsement of styles consistent with a positive model of other.
Study 3:
> when the goal of closeness was made explicit there was no significant difference between extravert and introverts level of closeness (otherwise extraverts reported marginally higher levels of closeness than introverts).
Aron, Melinat, Aron, Vallone & Bator (1997)
> 4 ways that this research can
help other researchers?
- procedure permitts
individual differences to be
measured before and after
relationship formation.
2. permitts researchers to
control who is in a
relationship with whom and
separates individual
differences from
determinants of pairings
such as choice of partner
and opportunity constraints.
3. permitts manipulation of various relationship relevant variables, such as motivations and expectations of the participants the kinds of interactions that occur, the length and intensity of the interaction.
4. could be used to put
relationship development
into an experimental setting
where it can be readily
observed.
How Sex influences romantic relationships:
Main findings
> sex shapes romantic relationships by infusing them with positive affect that becomes associated with the partner. > Those, Automatic Partner Evaluations (APE) may not always be accepted as a valid source of subjective judgments on relationship quality (people who rate sex as more important in a relationship will accept APE's) > those who do not have motivation and opportunity to overide APE will rely on them more heavily during relationship quality evaluations. e.g. under stress > people with opportunity should be more likely to reject the influence of APE that are inconsistent with other pre-existing beliefs.
*so having higher quality sex more frequently leads to more + affect which is paired with their partner and results in more positive relationship quality judgements. However, opportunity factors (stress) and motivational factors (exisiting beliefs and desires) moderate the effects of good sex on partner evaluations.
sex effect on romantic relationships…
previous literature
> sex helps bond partners through a lingering afterglow of enhanced sexual satisfaction.
sexual satisfaction can predict romantic relationship outcomes.
sex as a mediator, moderator for ….
individual differences of neuroticism and insecure attachment styles which are linked with poorer romantic relationship outcomes.
(A) mediator: these two
individual differences lead
to poorer relationship
satisfaction through poorer
sexual satisfaction.
(B) moderator: having higher quality sex more frequently buffered the effects of neuroticism and insecure attachment on relationship satisfaction. AND feeling you are sexually compatible with your partner also acted as a moderator.
**sex can be a target for relationship interventions
Stereotype Threat
stereotypes can influence our beliefs about ourselves and this can impair our performance on important tasks.
> stereotype threat can have a positive or negative impact on performance based on the valance of the stereotype. > when our task performance is perceived to important because there is a discrepency between our + self image and the - stereotype.
Two methods for measuring stereotypes
(A) The bogus pipeline
procedure:
- make participants feel
that the researcher has
access to their "real"
answers from the
questionnaire.
- participants are more
honest when they feel that
they could be caught in a
lie.
(B) implicit association test:
- measures reaction time
- participants are asked to
classify stimuli into
appropriate catergories
which either consistent or
inconsistent with
stereotypes.
- faster reaction times
indicate that these two
mental representations are
linked.Two methods for measuring stereotypes
(A) The bogus pipeline
procedure:
- make participants feel
that the researcher has
access to their "real"
answers from the
questionnaire.
- participants are more
honest when they feel that
they could be caught in a
lie.
(B) implicit association test:
- measures reaction time
- participants are asked to
classify stimuli into
appropriate catergories
which either consistent or
inconsistent with
stereotypes.
- faster reaction times
indicate that these two
mental representations
are linked.self-fulfilling prophecies
occurs when expectations about people based on their group membership leads to preferential treatment which makes the expected treatment more likely to occur.
Batterer’s Treatment for intimate partner violence
> primary response of the CJS is to place male offenders in a duluth model of IPV treatment program.
duluth response model to intimate partner violence only reduces recidivism by 5%
for every dollar spent ont he duluth model the government loses $6.28
standards of care are often developed independent of empirical research.
couples therapy as a response to IPV is considered inappropriate by governments in fear that it implies the victim is partial to blame and that their might be acts of violence in retribution.
may increase risk of violence to women because they have a false sense of security that intervention reduces risk of recidivism signifcantly.
(3) models of baterer interventions
(A) Feminist Psychoeducational
(clincial model)
> group based therapy used to using violence as a form of maintaining power and control over women (patriarchial)
(B) CBT
> developed by psychologists to place violence at the center of treatment.
violence is viewed as a learnt behviour and therby, non-violence may also be learnt.
goal is to talk about the pro’s and con’s about violence and teach skills in communication, anger managment and alternative repsonses than violence.
covers jealousy, empathy and patriarchal views
*distinctive from (A) because violence is believed to be learnt behaviour due to reinforcement.
(C) Other
*group based therapy or
couples therapy
> group based therapy:
in a group context men learn to confront denial and victim blaming
couples therapy:
believes that including the wife in the session reduces women bashing.
may empower women by allowing them to see an authority figure sanction their abuser.
models healthier responses to conflict than violence.
batterer treatment findings
> overall small effect size 5%
CBT and duluth model had the same effect size on recidivism.
treatment risk of recidivism was 35% compared to non-treatment 40%
highlight that the one treatment fits all approach is not suitable for reducing recidivism in IPV.
why was the duluth model unsuccessful?
because there is not only one type of offender!
(A) Characterlogical Violence
> violence is used for control and domination
asymetrical (clear victim and perpetrator)
perpertrator aims to minmise the impact of their violence
may have an underlying pathological disorder
perpetrator has an externalised attribution of blame (victim blaming)
There is generally little remorse
perpertrator does not see violence as immoral but actually justifiable
(B) Situational Violence
> violence is more reciprocal and symmetrical (no clear perpetrator or victim)
violence tends to be limited to the family
perpetrator does not try to minimise their violence or its impact
violence is followed by remorse from both parters
violence is not motivated by need for power or control
violence is reciprocal thus does not involve fear
**50% of men use situational violence rather than characterlogical violence.
what form of intimate partner violence is stable?
situational violence is stable over time (persists) without treatment.
couples therapy for IPV
> did not increase the risk of reciprical violence
were benifical for situational IPV where the violence is reciprocal
highlights that decreasing women’s violence is important as well to reduce the cycle of situational violence
should only be used for low level situational violence, with little risk of physical harm, no substance or mental health issues that may compriamise either parties saftey.
Creating healthy relationships program
> An example of couples-based therapy for IPV
used to teach healthy communicatin, coping skills for both partners to reduce reciprocal verbal conflict and psychological abuse
reduced belittling, anger, defensiveness, dominaring behaviour (which are associated with poor relationship functioning) and reduced risk of violence by improving communication (mediation effect).
**benefits:
- moves away from the
one size fits all model of
IPV treatment.
- is a more cost effective
and effective treatment
for low risk, situational
violence couples
group based couples therapy in a court mandated session
> males have a individual sessions in order to gain accountability, avoid victim blaming, couples to decide if they want to stay together and wait for restraining orders to be amended.
then their partners are added into the group session
batterer treatment is not a good term for situational violence- becuase it does not align with peoples situations they are less likely to cooperate or participate in program
*roadblocks: in some states in the USA it is against the law to include women in IPV interventions with males in fear that it could increase the risk of future violence as retribution
three models of marraige
(A) Practical Model
- marraiges help spouses
meet their economic,
political and pragmatic
goals.
- 1700's -1850's
(B) Bread-Winner-Homemaker
Model
- marriage helps people
meet their passion and
intimacy needs.
- 1850's - 1965
(C) Self-Expressive Model
- marraige helps people
meet their autonomy
and personal growth
needs.
- 1965 till today
**marraige has ascended up mount maslow and since people are able to meet lower level needs they are expecting marriage to meet higher level needs.
three models of marraige
(A) Practical Model/Institutional
Model
- marraiges help spouses
meet their economic,
political and pragmatic
goals.
- 1700's -1850's
(B) Bread-Winner-Homemaker
Model/Compassionate Model
- due to technological
advancement
- marriage helps people
meet their passion and
intimacy needs.
- 1850's - 1965
(C) Self-Expressive Model/
- marraige helps people
meet their autonomy
and personal growth
needs.
- 1965 till today
**marraige has ascended up mount maslow and since people are able to meet lower level needs they are expecting marriage to meet higher level needs.
Factors that defrightened marraige overtime
(A) reduced economic
dependence
(B) reduced labour required
for housework
(C) reduced danger linked to
living alone
(D) increased non-marital and
extra-marital options for
sexual expression
(E) Loosening of marraige
stranglehold as primary
accepted lifestyle
*lower level needs are less specific and can be meet by anyone. However, higher altitude needs are specific and can only be meet with certain people
Factors that frighten marraige overtime
(A) increased importance of
friendship and emotional
intimacy within marriage
(B) increased expectations for
sexual passion and
fulfilment
(C) increased expectations for
the marraige to facilitate
social prestige
(D) increased expectations for
marraige to facilitate
personal growth
(E) increased potential for
marraige duration
(increased life expectancy)
(F) reduced access to social
outlets outside of marraigeThe suffication model:
oxygen deprivation and insufficient investment
> assention up mount maslow unlocks deeper levels of connection and meaning for the martial bond.
marraige has shifted from being a cabernet (something that can grow anywhere) to a pinot noir (needs constant love and attention)
expectations of marriage have increased and investments into marriage have decreased
deoxygenation has a minimal impact on intitutional marraige, a moderate effect on compassionate marraige and a significant effect on self-expressive marraige
the suffication model
reduced __ and __ resources lead to deoxygenation
(A) Spousal Time
(B) Psychological Resources
consequences of deoxygenation
(A) Reduced Personal Wellbeing of the support seeker and support giver
(B) Reduced marital Quality
through reduced marital satisfaction overtime and contradictory altitude needs between passion and intimacy
reoxygenating marriages
(A) optimising available
pathways
> the marraige hack (re-appraise conflict through third party perspective)
> relationship excitement (regular exciting partner activities)
> relationship awareness (discussion on helathy and problem behaviours within a marriage)
(B) Investing in Supplement
Oxygen
> couple time
> shared social activites
> shared civic activities
(C) Require Less Oxygen
> selectively seeking support from another member of your social network
> living apart together
> consensual non manogamy (swinging or polyamory)
