Map Reading Flashcards
Overview of Geological History
from new to old
- Cenozoic:
- Holocene– historical time (10,000 years)
- Pleistocene– ice ages; origin of genus Homo (1.8 mil)
- Pliocene– appearance of bipedal human ancestors
- Paleocene– expansion of mammals, birds, and pollinating insects (65.5 mil)
- Mesozoic
- Jurassic– gymnosperms dominant plant; dinosaurs abundant (194.5 mil)
- Triassic– gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants) dominate; origin of mammals (199.6 mil)
- Paleozoic (252 - 542 mil)
- •Permian– modern-day insects; extinction of some marine & terrestrial organisms
- Carboniferous– extensive forests of vascular plants, seeded plants, reptiles, amphibians
- Devonian– diversification of bony fish
- Ordovician– Marine algae, colonization of land by fungi, plants, animals
- Cambrian– sudden increase in diversity of animal phyla
- Proterozoic (542 mil)
- Archean- Increased concentration of atmospheric oxygen, oldest rocks and cell fossils appear (2.5 billion)
What is this image?
Topographic Map
What is this image?
Geologic Map
What is this image?
Isophach Map
What is this image?
Mud Log Diagram
Relative clauses are used to
provide more information about noun within the same sentence
Identify the parts here
I thanked the woman who helped me
I thanked the woman —-> a main clause
who helped me ——> an adjective clause (modifies a noun(woman))
Relative clauses with pronouns as subject: what are used?
who: used for people
which: used for things
that: used for both people and things
(THEY FOLLOW A NOUN AND MODIFY IT)
Relative Clauses – with Pronouns as Object: What are used?
Who(m): used for people
which: used for things
that: used for both people and things
(an object pronoun is often ommited from an adjective clause/ a subject pronoun may not be omitted)
Practice: Rewrite the following sentence pairs as one sentence with a relative clause.
1) Earth’s surface is modified by a combination of surface processes. They sculpt landscapes and comprise the action of water, wind, ice, fire, and living things on the surface of the Earth.
Earth’s surface is modified by a combination of surface processes thatsculpt landscapes and comprise the action of water, wind, ice, fire, and living things ….
Practice: Rewrite the following sentence pairs as one sentence with a relative clause.
2) Geological processes cause tectonic uplift and subsidence. The processes include the growth of volcanoes.
Geological processes, whichinclude the growth of volcanoes, cause tectonic uplift and subsidence.
Practice: Rewrite the following sentence pairs as one sentence with a relative clause.
3) Geological processes are responsible for the formation of deep sedimentary basins. The surface of the Earth drops there.
Geological processes are responsible for the formation of deep sedimentary basins wherethe surface of the Earth drops.
Practice: Rewrite the following sentence pairs as one sentence with a relative clause.
4) There is considerable overlap between geomorphology and the field of sedimentology. The deposition of material is extremely important to sedimentology.
There is considerable overlap between geomorphology and the field of sedimentology, to whichthe deposition of material is extremely important.
Relative Clauses – indicating Time and Location: what is used?
when: used in an adjective clause to modify a noun of time (when,on which, that, *ommitted*)
where: used in an adjective clause to modify a place (where, in which, which, that, *ommitted*)
Relative Clauses – with the Possessive Pronoun Whose
- whose: is used to show possession.
- it carries the same meaning as other possessive pronoun use as adjective (his, her, its, and their)
- whose cannot be omitted
his bicycle –> whose bicycle
her composition –> whose composition
Relative Clauses – with Essential and Non-essential Information
