Manner of Articulation Flashcards
What are considered stops?
Plosives, nasals, taps, flaps and trills
What are the three degrees of stricture
Closure
Narrowing
Appproximation
What happens when there is closure in the vocal tract?
The articulators are in firm contact
What happens when there is narrowing in the vocal tract
The articulators are close but not touching
What happens when there is approximation in the vocal tract
There is a reasonably wide gap between the articulators
Define stops
Made by completely obstructing the airstream in the oral cavity
List all stops
[p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g]
Define plosives
Make a small explosive noise
Define nasals
Air passing through the nasal cavity due to the velic opening
Why are nasals called stops?
Because there is complete closure of the oral cavity
Define flaps
A quicker version of an alveolar stop
What class of consonants are flaps?
Sonourous
Define flaps
A retroflex strike of the tongue
Define fricatives
Made by forming a nearly complete obstruction of the vocal tract with a small opening allowing some air to escape with friction
List all fricatives
[f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʍ h ]
What are the two lateral fricatives?
[ɬ] and [ɮ]
What is /h/ considered?
a voiceless, glottal fricative that is phonetically a vowel
How is an affricate produced?
A sequence of a stop and fricative
List all affricates
[ʧ] [ʤ]
Define approximates
Larger opening than fricatives, so no friction
T/F: All approximates are voiceless
False; all approximates are voiced
List all the English approximates
[l] [ɹ] [w] [j]
List all laterals
[l]
List all glides
[w] [j]
What are cardinal vowel systems?
Enable all vowels to be described in terms of their relationship to a set of cardinal vowels
What is the vowel quadrilateral?
A graph which plots all possible vowels
What are the four extreme vowels
[i] (top left)
[a] (bottom left)
[u] (top right)
[ɑ] (bottom right)
What are the top three most frequent vowels across all languages?
[i] [a] [u]
When do vowels become nasalized?
Before a nasal consonant in the same syllable
When can lax vowels occur
In one syllable words, ONLY if they end in a consonant
List all lax vowels
[ɪ] [ʌ] [ɛ] [æ] [ʊ] [ɔ]
T/F: tense vowels are shorter than lax vowels of the same general height class
False; tense vowels are longer
What can cause a vowel to shorten?
When is is preceding a voiceless consonant
What does the following diacritic represent: [ˑ]
That the vowel is slightly longer than the “baseline”
What does the following diacritic represent: [ː]
That the vowel is substantially longer than the “baseline”
Do diphthongs neeed diacritics to indicate length?
No, they are naturally extended as they are a compound of multiple sounds
Order the following from shortest to longest
A) tense vowel before voiced consonant or at end of word
B) lax vowel before voiceless consonant
C) lax vowel before voiced consonant or tense vowel before voiceless consonant
- B
- C
- A
Is a vowel with primary or secondary stress longer?
Primary
Define falling diphthongs
When the prominence of the sound decreases (mouth closes, sound falls away)
Define rising diphthongs
When the prominence of the sound increases (mouth opens, sound rises)
How does a dark /l/ affect a preceding vowel
They are often retracted more than usual
What are sounds that cause a rise in air pressure inside the vocal tract called?
Obstruents
What manners of articulation are considered obstruents?
Closure and Narrowing of vocal folds
What are sounds that cause a rise in air pressure inside the vocal tract called?
Sonorants
