Manner of Articulation

Question 1

What are considered stops?

Answer 1

Plosives, nasals, taps, flaps and trills

Question 2

What are the three degrees of stricture

Answer 2

Closure
Narrowing
Appproximation

Question 3

What happens when there is closure in the vocal tract?

Answer 3

The articulators are in firm contact

Question 4

What happens when there is narrowing in the vocal tract

Answer 4

The articulators are close but not touching

Question 5

What happens when there is approximation in the vocal tract

Answer 5

There is a reasonably wide gap between the articulators

Question 6

Define stops

Answer 6

Made by completely obstructing the airstream in the oral cavity

Question 7

List all stops

Answer 7

[p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g]

Question 8

Define plosives

Answer 8

Make a small explosive noise

Question 9

Define nasals

Answer 9

Air passing through the nasal cavity due to the velic opening

Question 10

Why are nasals called stops?

Answer 10

Because there is complete closure of the oral cavity

Question 11

Define flaps

Answer 11

A quicker version of an alveolar stop

Question 12

What class of consonants are flaps?

Answer 12

Sonourous

Question 13

Define flaps

Answer 13

A retroflex strike of the tongue

Question 14

Define fricatives

Answer 14

Made by forming a nearly complete obstruction of the vocal tract with a small opening allowing some air to escape with friction

Question 15

List all fricatives

Answer 15

[f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʍ h ]

Question 16

What are the two lateral fricatives?

Answer 16

[ɬ] and [ɮ]

Question 17

What is /h/ considered?

Answer 17

a voiceless, glottal fricative that is phonetically a vowel

Question 18

How is an affricate produced?

Answer 18

A sequence of a stop and fricative

Question 19

List all affricates

Answer 19

[ʧ] [ʤ]

Question 20

Define approximates

Answer 20

Larger opening than fricatives, so no friction

Question 21

T/F: All approximates are voiceless

Answer 21

False; all approximates are voiced

Question 22

List all the English approximates

Answer 22

[l] [ɹ] [w] [j]

Question 23

List all laterals

Answer 23

[l]

Question 24

List all glides

Answer 24

[w] [j]

Question 25

What are cardinal vowel systems?

Answer 25

Enable all vowels to be described in terms of their relationship to a set of cardinal vowels

Question 26

What is the vowel quadrilateral?

Answer 26

A graph which plots all possible vowels

Question 27

What are the four extreme vowels

Answer 27

[i] (top left)
[a] (bottom left)
[u] (top right)
[ɑ] (bottom right)

Question 28

What are the top three most frequent vowels across all languages?

Answer 28

[i] [a] [u]

Question 29

When do vowels become nasalized?

Answer 29

Before a nasal consonant in the same syllable

Question 30

When can lax vowels occur

Answer 30

In one syllable words, ONLY if they end in a consonant

Question 31

List all lax vowels

Answer 31

[ɪ] [ʌ] [ɛ] [æ] [ʊ] [ɔ]

Question 32

T/F: tense vowels are shorter than lax vowels of the same general height class

Answer 32

False; tense vowels are longer

Question 33

What can cause a vowel to shorten?

Answer 33

When is is preceding a voiceless consonant

Question 34

What does the following diacritic represent: [ˑ]

Answer 34

That the vowel is slightly longer than the “baseline”

Question 35

What does the following diacritic represent: [ː]

Answer 35

That the vowel is substantially longer than the “baseline”

Question 36

Do diphthongs neeed diacritics to indicate length?

Answer 36

No, they are naturally extended as they are a compound of multiple sounds

Question 37

Order the following from shortest to longest
A) tense vowel before voiced consonant or at end of word
B) lax vowel before voiceless consonant
C) lax vowel before voiced consonant or tense vowel before voiceless consonant

Answer 37

1. B
2. C
3. A

Question 38

Is a vowel with primary or secondary stress longer?

Answer 38

Primary

Question 39

Define falling diphthongs

Answer 39

When the prominence of the sound decreases (mouth closes, sound falls away)

Question 40

Define rising diphthongs

Answer 40

When the prominence of the sound increases (mouth opens, sound rises)

Question 41

How does a dark /l/ affect a preceding vowel

Answer 41

They are often retracted more than usual

Question 42

What are sounds that cause a rise in air pressure inside the vocal tract called?

Answer 42

Obstruents

Question 43

What manners of articulation are considered obstruents?

Answer 43

Closure and Narrowing of vocal folds

Question 44

What are sounds that cause a rise in air pressure inside the vocal tract called?

Answer 44

Sonorants