Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LING 2007 > IPA > Flashcards

IPA Flashcards

1
Q

What position is the vocal tract in when producing vowels

A

Open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What position is the vocal tract in when producing consonants

A

Obstruction OR constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How to classify consonants

A
  1. voicing
  2. place of articulation
  3. manner of articulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How to classify vowels

A
  1. Height
  2. Articulation
  3. Roundness
  4. Tenseness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two types of transcription

A
  1. Phonemic notation
  2. Phonetic Notation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of transcription uses square brackets?

A

Phonetic Notation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of transcription uses slashes?

A

Phonemic notation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define phonemic notation

A

Note only the raw sounds without detail of pronounciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define phonetic notation

A

Notes the details of pronounciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does phonetic notation use to represent different factors of pronounciation?

A

Diacritics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T/F: Phonetic notation is broad transcription

A

False; it is narrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T/F: Phonemic Notation is broad transcription

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List the 6 common diacritic (phonological) processes in CDN English

A
  1. aspiration
  2. unreleased stops
  3. tap
  4. nasalisation
  5. syllabic liquids and nasals
  6. dark-l (velarized l)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the diacritic [ʰ] represent

A

Aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is missing from this phonetic transcription of the word “pie”: [paj]

A

An aspiration diacritic after the “p” [pʰaj]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the diacritic [ ̚] represent?

A

An unreleased stop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define aspiration and when it occurs

A

When a puff of air follows a consonant such as after the “p” in pit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define an unreleased stop and when it occurs

A

When a stop consonant does not have a puff of air to indicate its ending such as the “t” in “cat”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is missing from this phonetic transcription of “wood” [wʊd]

A

An unreleased stop diacritic after the d: [wʊd ̚ ]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is this diacritic called [ ̚]

A

Corner or clip
No audible release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is this diacritic called [ʰ]

A

Superscript h

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the IPA symbol [ɾ] represent

A

A tap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define a tap and when it occurs

A

A sound that replaces [d] or [t] when it is between syllables and the second syllable is UNSTRESSED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is wrong with the following phonetic transcription of the word “butter” [bʌttɹ̩]

A

The “tt” should be replaced by a tap [ɾ]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is this diacritic called: [ɾ]

A

A tap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the following diacritic represent: [ ̃]

A

Nasalization

27
Q

Define nasalization and when it occurs

A

Whenever the vowel is followed by a nasalized consonant

28
Q

What is missing from the following transcription of the word “sink”: [sɪŋk]

A

A nasalization diacritic above the ɪ: [sɪ̃ŋk]

29
Q

What is this diacritic called: [ ̃]

A

Tilde

30
Q

Define syllabic liquids and nasals

A

Consonants that carry more sonorous properties than other consonants and are able to stand as the nucleus of syllables

31
Q

Define the conditions under which an “l” becomes a dark/velarized “l”

A

When an [l] is followed by a consonant or at the end of a word

32
Q

Define the conditions in which an [l] is light

A

When it is followed by a vowel

33
Q

T/F: the syllable following a tap is always unstressed

A

True!

34
Q

How is a syllabic consonant identified in phonetic transcription

A

With a line underneath ie [hɹ̩]

35
Q

What does a line underneath a nasal or liquid represent?

A

A consonant that takes the place of a vowel

36
Q

What can make up the nucleus of a syllable

A

A vowel (and following semi-vowel j/w) or sonorant

37
Q

What is before the nucleus of a syllable?

A

Onset

38
Q

What follows the nucleus of a syllable

A

A Coda

39
Q

Describe the characteristics and functions of a nucleus

A

-the core of a syllable; cannot be a syllable without a nucleus
-mostly vowels
-can be liquids or nasals

40
Q

Define the characteristics and functions of the onset of a syllable

A

-Precedes the nucleus to start the syllable
-can be empty (Ø)
-can be any consonant other than ŋ
-can be a single consonant or a cluster

41
Q

Define the characteristics and functions of the coda of a syllable

A

-follows the nucleus to end the syllable
-can be empty (Ø)
-any consonant
-can be single consonant, a cluster, and include affixes

42
Q

T/F: Any consonant can be an onset in Canadian English

A

False; ŋ is restricted from being an onset

43
Q

T/F: syllable trees are first broken down by Onset, Nucleus and Coda

A

False; it is first broken into the onset (O) and the rhyme (R)

44
Q

Define open syllables

A

Any syllable that does not have a coda

45
Q

Define stress at a phonetic level

A

The relative emphasis given to certain syllables in a word

46
Q

How is stress signaled?

A

By increased loudness and vowel length, full articulation of the vowel and changes in pitch

47
Q

Define secondary stress

A

A syllable that is stressed more than unstressed but not stressed as strongly as a syllable with primary stress

48
Q

Define minimal pair

A

Two words (with different meanings) whose pronounciation differ by exactly one sound
ie: [tʰim] (team) versus [tʰin] (teen)

49
Q

Define distribution

A

A segment’s position relative to other sounds (ie one of the environments for [t] is [s]__[j] so it can be found between [s] and [j] in English)

50
Q

Define complementary distribution

A

Sounds that cannot occur in the same phonetic environment
Sound A will never occur in the same environment as sound B
ie: [i] and [ĩ] or [p] and [pʰ]

51
Q

Define phoneme

A

One of the most basic phonological units of which all words in every language is produced (letters)

52
Q

Define allophone

A

Different pronounciations of the same phoneme, carrying the same meaning (ie /s/ in cats [z], cues [s] and churches [ez]

53
Q

Define alternation

A

When a word turns up in two or more forms and there are systemic sound-differences between the forms (ie the way the /n/ is pronounced in fan vs fan club)

54
Q

List the six most common phonological processes in English

A
  1. assimiliation
  2. dissimilation
  3. insertion
  4. deletion
  5. lenition
  6. fortition
55
Q

Define what assimilation does

A

Causes a sound (or gesture) to become more like a neighbouring sound (or gesture) with some respect to phonetic property
Typically done to make sounds easier to articulate in conjunction with surrounding sounds
ie: “uNbelievable” becoming “uMbelievable”

56
Q

Define dissimiliation

A

Two close or adjacent sounds to become less similar with some respect to some property by means of a change in one or both sounds
ie: “sixths” becoming [sɪ́ksts]

57
Q

Define insertion

A

When a segment not present at the phonemic (written) level to be added to the phonetic form of a word
ie: “hamster” becoming [hæ̃mpstəɹ]

58
Q

Define deletion

A

Eliminating a sound that was present at the phonemic level
ie: “police” becoming [ˈpʰl̥is]

59
Q

Define fortition

A

When sounds become stronger
ie: voiceless stops become aspirated when they occur at the beginning of a stressed syllable ([tɑp] becoming [tʰɑp])

60
Q

Define lenition

A

When sounds become weaker
ie: flapping in order to make a word easier to say

61
Q

Define phonotactics

A

Permitted combinations of phonemes in the structure of a language

62
Q

What is the maximum of consonants permitted in an onset in English?

A

3

63
Q

What is the maximum of consonants permitted in a coda in English?

A

4

LING 2007 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions