Malnutrition / Infectious Diseases Flashcards
What is malnutrition?
Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a
person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients (WHO)
Under and over nutrition
Who are most at risk of malnutrition?
- Under 2s
- Under 5s
- Pregnant Women
- Lactating Women
- Adolescent Girls
- Elderly
- People with HIV/AIDS and/or TB
Describe CHRONIC malnutrition
- Over a long period
- Failure of linear growth
- Affects cognitive development
Describe ACUTE malnutrition
- Short period of time
- Onset of a disease leading to a rapid weight loss
- Often accompany by acute infections
Name the 2 types of actue malnutrition
- MAM = Moderate Acute Malnutrition (moderate wasting)
- SAM = Severe Acute Malnutrition (severe wasting and/or oedema)
What are the 3 forms of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM)?
- Marasmus: extreme thinness or severe wasting
- Kwashiorkor: nutritional oedema or bilateral pitting oedema
- Marasmic-Kwashiorkor: a combination of both
What are the definition and features of marasumus?
Weight for age <60% of the international standard
Gluconeogenesis
Ketosis
Infection
What are the definition and features of kwashiorkor?
- Oedeme - fluid retention in the body.
- Weight for age 60-80% of international standard
- Low plasma albumin
- Abnormal plasma amino acid
- VLDL
- Fatty liver
- Liver protein depletion
- Nitrogen loss from infection
What are the definition and features of marasumus / kwashiorkor?
- Weight for age <60% of the international standard
- Oedeme - fluid retention in the body.
Name some of the clinical symptoms of marasmus?
- Wasting of subcutaneous fat and muscles
- Wrinkled face
- Inceased appetite
- Mild skin and hair changes
- Sunken eyeballs
- Irritable
Name some of the clinical symptoms of kwashiorkor?
- Wasting of muscles and preservation of subcutaneous fat
- Moon face
- Loss of appetite
- Intense skin lesions and hair changes
- Growth faliure
- Pitting oedema
- Fatty liver
- Psychomotor retardation
- Lack of interest
How can measurements be done?
- MUAC - indicator of whos suffering
- <5’s scale and basin/weighing pants - weight
- Board for height
How do you assess nutritional oedema
Apply normal thumb pressure for about
3 seconds and then observe if the indentation persist after releasing
the pressure
What are some of the treatment approaches to malnutrition?
- Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition - (CMAM)
- Infant and young children feeding in emergency - (IYCF-E)
- Management of acute malnutrition in infants - (MAMI)
What is PEM and what does it mean?
Protein Energy Malnutrition.
Results when the body’s need for
protein, energy fuels or both cannot be satisfied by the diet
What syndromes can PEM lead to
- Kwashiorkor - protein quality deficiency
- Marasmus - mainly energy deficiency!
What percentage of body protein loss results in reduced:
- muscle strength for breathing,
- reduced immune function and
- reduced organ function that death results
30%
Name some of the essential amino acids
Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine
Name some of the conditionally indispensable amino acids
Arginine Asparagine Cystenine Glutamine Glycine Proline Serine Tyrosine Histidine
Name some of the non-essential (dispensable) amino acids
Alanine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
What are the 3 types of diarrhoea?
- acute watery diarrhoea – lasts several hours or days, and includes cholera
- acute bloody diarrhoea – also called dysentery
- persistent diarrhoea – lasts 14 days or longer
Whats is the the second leading cause
of death in children under five years old?
Diarrhoeal diseases
Complete the last piece in the cycle for the summary malnutrition – infectious diseases
- Malnutrition
- Impaired child development
- Compromised immunity
- Infection
- Disease
- Energy loss
- Reduced productivity
- Poverty
- Impaired development of education and health systems
- _________________
Socioeconomic & political instability
What vitamins and mineral deficiency are a concern to PHE?
Iodine
Vit. A
Iron
Zinc
