Changing patterns of diet and disease

Question 1

What do we primarily die of in this day and age?

Answer 1

Non- communicable disease.

Question 2

What are the three main global causes of deat,2016?

Answer 2

Heart disease, Stroke, COPD.

Question 3

Where is there an emergent pattern in disease?

Answer 3

there is an emergent pattern between communicable and non-communicable diseases.

Question 4

where is overall mortality higher?

Answer 4

In low- income countries.

Question 5

What is the ICD purpose and uses?

Answer 5

The ICD is the foundation for the identification of health trends and statistics globally. It is the international standard for defining and reporting diseases and health conditions. It allows the world to compare and share health information using a common language.

Question 6

How many health and nutrition transitions have there been?

Answer 6

5

Question 7

What are the 5 nutrition transitions?

Answer 7

1. The prehistoric transition c.100,000 BCE ago
2. The stone age revolution c.10-15,000 BCE
3. The beginnings of globalization c.500 BCE -1,500 CE
4. The Columbian exchange c.1500 CE onwards
5. The age of revolutions c.1750 CE onwards

Question 8

Define ICD:

Answer 8

the international classification of diseases. This is the international standard diagnostic classification used to classify diseases and other health problems to allow the compilation of comparable national mortality and morbidity statistics. WHO is responsible for this

Question 9

What were the main pre-historic diseases?

Answer 9

1. parasitic infections

2. Absence of bacterial and viral infections common today. (No Tb, measles).

Question 10

What was the main diet of prehistoric human?

Answer 10

+ Mainly Paleo diet, which includes:

+ Game animals, fish & seafood, insects
+ A wide range of plants foods, e.g. fruits, nuts, berries, seeds and roots
+ High level of diversity
+ No dairy products or staple foods either cereals or roots.

Question 11

What is the definition for staple foods?

Answer 11

A staple food is that which forms the basis of the diet in terms of both quantity and frequency of consumption and which provides the highest proportion of energy. Staple foods vary with geographic and ecological region, but in global terms, the most important staples foods are cereals and roots/tubers

Question 12

What foods were domesticated in the Stone age revolution?

Answer 12

\+ Cereals: wheat, rice, maize, barley,
sorghum, millet, teff, quinoa etc
• Roots and tubers: cassava,
sweet potato, potato, yams etc
• Pulses and some fruits:
melons, plantain and squashes
• Also animals: cows, pigs, horses,
chickens, camels etc

Question 13

What is diet was developed in the stone age and is dominated by one of the starchy staples?

Answer 13

Peasant-agriculturalist diet.

Question 14

What Disease patterns occurred in the stone age?

Answer 14

• measles, smallpox and TB
from cattle
• flu from pigs and ducks
• malaria falciparum from birds
• also nutritional deficiencies, e.g. anaemia
• life expectancy dropped to c.19y

Question 15

Development of
localised pools of infectious
diseases occurred in The stone age revolution because…..

Answer 15

People began to live in close proximity not
only with animals, but others humans.

Records of the first epidemics date back
4-5,000 BCE with the earliest maybe in
Sumeria.

Question 16

What was a health status result of the stone age revolution, with respect to nutrition and disease?

Answer 16

Health status
As result, we also got shorter:
by 3,000 BCE men 5’3”
and women 5’.

Question 17

what is the first suspected pandemic in history?

Answer 17

The Black death (Plague of justinian)

Question 18

What is the Columbian exchange?

Answer 18

When Columbus landed in the

New World in 1492 CE.

Question 19

What did we take from the columbian exchange?

Answer 19

Potatoes
Cassava
Maize
Tobacco
Tomatoes
Beans
Chilli
Peanuts
Turkeys, Guinea pigs
?Syphilis
\+ Later sugar, tobacco,
cotton

Question 20

What did we give in the columbian exchange?

Answer 20

Wheat, rice, barley
Coffee
Citrus fruit, sugar cane
Onions, turnips
Horses, cows, pigs,
sheep
Small pox, influenza,
typhus, measles,
malaria, diphtheria,
whooping cough
\+Later slaves & settlers

Question 21

What happened in the period of age of revolutions?

Answer 21

This was a period of huge social change – political, economic, social,
demographic, and following these
changes in health and diet.

Question 22

What accompanied the urban revolution?

Answer 22

Urbanization and population growth.

• growth of a urban working class mostly living in appalling
squalor and poverty (read Dickens)
• overcrowded, poorly ventilated housing with minimal
sanitation
• hence huge and rapid increases in
communicable diseases
& recurrent cholera
pandemics

Question 23

What were common nutritional deficiencies common in the stone age?

Answer 23

Rickets, Anaemia

Question 24

What are the 3 components of the health transition?

Answer 24

1. The demographic
transition
2. Epidemiologic
transition
3. And nutrition
transition.

Question 25

How is the current nutrition transition characterised?

Answer 25

Decrease in:
• consumption of traditional staple foods and other
traditional food crops, such as pulses and oilseeds
• dietary diversity
• micronutrient intakes

Increase in:
• intakes of fat, sugar, salt and often animal foods
• consumption of refined and processed foods
• consumption of street foods in urban areas
• alcohol consumption in some countries

Question 26

Bennets law:

Answer 26

As we get richer, we eat less starchy staples for animal products.

Question 27

Average food waste per household in the UK?

Answer 27

30%

Question 28

What is the international standard of food?

Answer 28

Codex Alimentarius

Question 29

What is the compositional fallacy?

Answer 29

We must remember that population differences in
health/illness cannot be explained by solely by the
characteristics of individuals.