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Repro > Male Genital System 1 > Flashcards

Male Genital System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is duplication?

A

Two or more urethral orifices

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2
Q

What is epispadias/hypospadias?

A

Abnormal openings of the urethra on the ventral or dorsal penis from malformation of the urethral canal

  • Can lead to urethral obstruction or failure of normal ejaculatory function
  • Can be associated with undescended testes
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3
Q

What is phimosis?

A

Inability to easily retract the foreskin

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4
Q

What is the most common cause of inflammation of the penis?

A

Phimosis or venereal disease

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5
Q

What is balanitis? posthitis? Most common cause?

A

Inflammation of the glans
Inflammation of the foreskin
Poor hygeine

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6
Q

What are condylomas?

A

Warty, cauliflower like growths which occur primarily in the anogenital area
-Caused by hPV 6 and 11

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7
Q

Microscopic appearance of a condyloma?

A

Exuberant exophytic(growing outward) growth pattern of the papillary lesion; Growth is orderly with few mitoses and no necrosis

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8
Q

What is Bowen’s Disease?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the penile skin

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9
Q

What is Erythroplasia of Queyrat?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the glans

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10
Q

What is the most common cause of both Bowen’s Disease and Erythroplasia of Queyrat?

A

hPV 16

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11
Q

Gross Appearance of Bowen’s Disease and Erythroplasia of Queyrat?

A

Red, slightly raised, rough, painless, nonulcerated lesions

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12
Q

Histological Appearance of Bowen’s Disease and Erythroplasia of Queyrat?

A

Hyperkeratosis with disordered maturation and elongation of rete ridges and thickening of epidermis

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13
Q

Other risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis? (other than hPV)

A

Smoking and poor hygeine

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14
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

Undescended testes

- failure of descent of testis from abdomen to scrotum

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15
Q

Typical distribution of cryptorchidism?

A

75% unilateral/25% bilateral

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16
Q

Can cryptorchidism be related to other anomalies?

A

Yes - e.g. hypospadias

17
Q

What is the pathology behind cryptorchidism?

A 
Two phases
1. Transabdominal phase
   ~ Mullerian inhibiting substance 
   ~ Takes testes to brim of pelvis
   ~ Failure here in 5-10% of cases
2. Inguinoscrotal phase
   ~Androgen induced release of CT-related peptide
   ~Takes testis from brim of pelvis to scrotum
   ~Failure here in 90-95% of cases
18
Q

Cryptochidism complications?

A

Inguinal testis is susceptible to trauma
Sterility
Decreased spermatogenesis in BOTH testes in unilateral cryptorchidism
5-10 fold increase in risk of malignant neoplasm in cryptorchid testis
- some increased risk in contra lateral normally descended testis

19
Q

Does orchioplexy help in cryptorchidism?

A

Yes - but not completely

   - Decreases risk for malignant neoplasms
   - if before 2 improves chances of normal spermatogenesis
20
Q

Klinefelter syndrome?

A

Characterized by abnormal # of X chromosomes (typically 47 XXY) and primary gonadal insufficiency

21
Q

Clinical appearance of Klinefelter Syndrome?

A

Eunuchoid appearance with increased stature and small-to-normal sized testes
Incomplete virilization
Gynecomastia
Mental retardation, speech difficulties

22
Q

Histologic appearance of Klinefelter Syndrome?

A

Small hylanized seminiferous tubules

Pseudoadenomatous clusters of Leydig Cells - only appear to be increased in number

23
Q

Histologic appearance of Klinefelter Syndrome?

A

Small hylanized seminiferous tubules

Pseudoadenomatous clusters of Leydig Cells - only appear to be increased in number

24
Q

Most common cause of infectious orchitis?

A

Mumps - post puberty

25
Q

Most common cause of infectious epididymitis?

A

Ct or GC

26
Q

Tertiary syphilis involves what first?

A

Testis then the epididymis

27
Q

Hows does TB spread?

A

Prostrate to epididymis to the testes

28
Q

Hows does TB spread?

A

Prostrate to epididymis to the testes

29
Q

When is Idiopathic granulomatous orchitis most prevelant?

A

5th and 6th decades

30
Q

Testicular involvement is usually?

A

Diffuse but may also present as a localized nodular lesion and may simulate a testicular neoplasm

31
Q

Testicular involvement is usually?

A

Diffuse but may also present as a localized nodular lesion and may simulate a testicular neoplasm

32
Q

In idiopathic granulomatous orchitis can the epididymis and spermatic cord be involved?

A

Yes

33
Q

Is necrosis seen in idiopathic granulomatous orchitis?

A

NO!

34
Q

Testis regression

A

V - Vascular conditions bring in mind variococeles, which cause atropy on the side of the dilated veins
I - Inflammation recalls the atrophy following mumps orchitis and other causes of epidydimoorchitis
N - Neoplasms suggest the atrophy that occurs in estrogen tx of prostrate carcinoma
D - Degenerative suggests the atrophy that occurs with aging
I - Intoxication suggests the atrophy caused by chronic alcoholism, Laennec cirrhosis, and hemochromatosis. X-ray exposure may also produce atrophy
C - Congenital recalls undescended testes and torsion
A - Autoimmune and allergic recall nothing
T - Trauma reminds one of the atrophy following vasectomy and accidental ligation of the blood supply during hernia repair.
E - Endocrine suggests the atrophy of hypopituitarism, Klinefelter syndrome, and other eunuchoid states

35
Q

Testis regression

A

V - Vascular conditions bring in mind variococeles, which cause atropy on the side of the dilated veins
I - Inflammation recalls the atrophy following mumps orchitis and other causes of epidydimoorchitis
N - Neoplasms suggest the atrophy that occurs in estrogen tx of prostrate carcinoma
D - Degenerative suggests the atrophy that occurs with aging
I - Intoxication suggests the atrophy caused by chronic alcoholism, Laennec cirrhosis, and hemochromatosis. X-ray exposure may also produce atrophy
C - Congenital recalls undescended testes and torsion
A - Autoimmune and allergic recall nothing
T - Trauma reminds one of the atrophy following vasectomy and accidental ligation of the blood supply during hernia repair.
E - Endocrine suggests the atrophy of hypopituitarism, Klinefelter syndrome, and other eunuchoid states

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