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Endo / Repro > Male Genital Path (Pathoma and Baby Robbins) > Flashcards

Male Genital Path (Pathoma and Baby Robbins) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hypospadias and how is it formed?

A

Peeing out of the bottom of the penis. Failure of the urethral folds to close.

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2
Q

What is epispadias, how does it form, and what other deformity is it associated with?

A

Peeing out of the top of the penis due to abnormal position of the genital tubercle - bladder exstrophy

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3
Q

What is a condyloma acuminatum?

A

Genital warts

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4
Q

What is the causative agent of condyloma acuminatum?

A

HPV 6 or 11

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5
Q

Name for raisin like nuclei and in what male path is it found?

A

koilocytic change - condyloma acuminatum

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6
Q

What is the medical name for swollen inguinal lymph nodes and lymphatics?

A

Lymphogranuloma Venerum

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7
Q

What is the causative agent of lymphogranuloma Venerum?

A

Chlamydia thrachomatis (L1-L3)

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8
Q

What is the primary risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis?

A

HPV 16, 18, 31, 33

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9
Q

What disease is associated with lack of circumcision?

A

Squamous CC

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10
Q

Older male patient with leukoplakia on the shaft of his penis?

A

Bowen disease

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11
Q

Younger patient with multiple reddish papillose on his penis?

A

Bowenoid papulosis

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12
Q

What are the three precursor in situ lesions of penile squamous cc?

A

Bowen disease, Erythroplasia of Queyrat, Bowenoid papulosis

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13
Q

What is the most common congenital male repro abnormality?

A

Cryptorchidism

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14
Q

What are the two main complications of cryptorchidism (failure of testis to descend)?

A

Atrophy, seminoma

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15
Q

What is orchitis?

A

Inflammation of the testicle

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16
Q

What are the main causative agents in orchitis in the young adult, old adult and teenager?

A

Young: Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Older: E coli, Pseudomonas
Teen: Mumps

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17
Q

Inflamed testicle that has granulomas in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Autoimmune orchitis

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of testicular torsion?

A

Failure of the testis to fuse with the scrotum (processes vaginalis)

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19
Q

Man complains of scrotal swelling and it looking like a bag of worms? What side is most likely affected?

A

Varicocele

Left side due to venous drainage be more complicated

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20
Q

How can one differentiate between torsion and hydrocele?

A

Hydrocele can be transilluminated

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21
Q

How can one differentiate between a benign and serous issue with a testicle (3 things)?

A

Tumors are firm and painless and not able to be transilluminated

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22
Q

What is the most common type of testicular tumor?

A

Seminoma

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23
Q

What is the prognosis of a Seminoma?

A

Good, met late and responsive to radiotherapy

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24
Q

How can one differentiate between a seminoma and a embryonal carcinoma?

A

Seminoma is not hemorrhagic and is homogenous

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25
What is a unique complication of embryonal carcinoma when exposed to chemotherapy?
It may differentiate into another kind of tumor.
26
What is the most common testicular tumor in children (
Yolk sac tumor
27
What is a Schiller-Duval body and in what condition is it seen?
Glomerulus-like structure seen on histology of a yolk sac tumor.
28
What testicular cancer can be mimic hyperthyroidism and by what mechanism dose it act?
Choriocarcinoma releases B-hCG, which can act like TSH hormones.
29
What is a teratoma and how is it unique in males?
It is a malignant tumor in males that is made up of 2 or 3 embyological layers.
30
What is the prognosis of a sex-cord stream tumor?
Good - usually benign
31
What cell type is involved in a sex cord-stomal tumor if Reinke crystals are noted on histology and complications related to it?
Leydig cells produce DHT via 5a-reductase and will result in precocious puberty in the young and gynecomastia in older males.
32
What is the result of a sertoli cell tumor?
Clinically silent
33
How can one differentiate between a sertoli and leydig cell tumor?
Sertoli cells are in the stroma, while leydig cells surround the stroma.
34
65 y.o. male with bilateral testicular masses. What is the most likely cause?
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
35
Diagnosis and causal organism of a 24 year old sexually promiscuous male with tender and boggy prostate, fevers, and chills? What if it is a 60 year old male?
Acute prostatitis Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae E. coli or Pseudamonas
36
How can one differentiate between acute and chronic prostatitis?
Acute: secretions with WBC + culture + Chronic: WBC +, Culture -, back or pelvic pain
37
What is the pathophysiology of BPH?
Excess DHT conversion by 5a-reductase in stream cells --> hyper plastic nodules
38
What are the complications of BPH?
difficult urination, Infection and hydronephrosis | NOT CANCER
39
What does BPH cause urinary hesitancy early while adenocarcinoma causes it late?
DHT is made in the periurithral region | Cancer usually happens in the posterior (easier to detect early via DRE)
40
What are the PSA levels in BPH?
41
What is the most common cancer in men?
Prostate Adenocarcinoma
42
What are two risk factors associated with Prostate Adenocarcinoma?
High saturated fat, A.A > Cauc > Asian
43
What level of PSA is indicative of PA (2 markers)?
> 10, decreased % of free PSA
44
What is expected on histology of a prostate adenocarcinoma?
Prominent Nucleoli, with invasive glands
45
How is PA graded?
Architecture of two spots (1 - 10), 10 being worst
46
What are common sites of mets in PA?
Lumbar spine or pelvis
47
What is unique about PA mets?
Primary may appear small, while mets are large
48
What is the most common cause of urinary bladder diverticula?
Urethral obstruction
49
What are the complications a/w bladder diverticula?
Recurrent infection (from stasis) and advanced cancer
50
What is the cause of exstrophy?
Failure of proper development of the abdominal wall
51
What is the underlying reason for a kid who pees out of his belly button?
Vesicoureteral reflux: fistula forms between the bladder and umbilicus due to a failure of the urachal to obliterate during development
52
What is the most serous complication a/w a tracheal cyst?
Increased incidence of adenocarcinoma
53
What is unique about histological findings of interstitial cystitis?
Mast cells of unknown significance
54
What are Michaelis-Gutmann bodies?
Calcification of lysosomes of macrophages. Found in malacoplakia
55
What are the classic signs of cystitis?
Lower abdominal pain, dysuria, and urinary frequency
56
What is the most common form of bladder metaplasia that arrises post injury?
Squamous metaplasia
57
What cell type is the most common in bladder cancer?
Epithelial
58
What is the major determinant in malignancy of bladder cancer?
Detrusor muscle involvement
59
What characteristic of a tumor will determine its ability to metastasize?
Discohesion
60
What is the most important risk factor for bladder cancer?
Smoking
61
What chromosomal abnormalities are associated with bladder cancer?
``` Chromosome 9 deletions (p15 and p16 genes) Chrom 15 (p53) ```
62
Which is more worrisome, papillary or flat lesions?
Flat, by far
63
What are the most common causes of non-gonococcal urethritis?
Non - Gonococcal in young men (STI): Chlamydia | E. coli in older pt (UTI)
64
What is the Reiter triad?
Urethritis, arthritis, and conjunctivitis

Endo / Repro (15 decks)

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