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Endo / Repro > Day 1, 1 > Flashcards

Day 1, 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 groups of Hormones, according to chemical classification?

A

Protein-Peptide
Amine
Iodothyronines
Steroid

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2
Q

What is the major source of Prolactin?

A

Ant. Pituitary Gland

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3
Q

What is the major source of Adrenocorticotropin?

A

Ant. Pituitary Gland

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4
Q

What is the major source of ADH?

A

Post. Pituitary/Hypothalamus

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5
Q

What is the major source of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone TRH?

A

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

What is the major source of Chorionic Gonadotropin?

A

Placenta

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7
Q

What is the major source of Somatomedins?

A

Liver

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8
Q

What is the major source of Inhibin?

A

Gonads

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9
Q

What are the 7 Protein-Peptide hormones mentioned in class?

A

Prolactin, Adrenocorticotropin, ADH, Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Somatomedins, Inhibin

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10
Q

What are the 2 Amine hormones mentioned in class?

A

Norepi, Epi

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11
Q

What is the major source of Norepi and epi?

A

Adrenal Medulla

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12
Q

What is the pathway for Epi production?

A

Tyr + Tyr Hydroxylase –> DOPA + Aromatic L-Amino Acid DC –> Dopamine + Dop B-Hydroxylase –> NE + Phenylethanol Amine N-Methyl Transferase –> Epi

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13
Q

What are the 2 examples of Iodothyronines mentioned in class?

A

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

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14
Q

What is the major source of T3 and T4?

A

T4: Thyroid gland
T3: Made in the target cell after binding T4

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15
Q

Is T3 or T4 the bioactive form?

A

T3

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16
Q

What are the 6 examples of steroids mentioned in class?

A

Estrogen, Progestin, Androgen, Glucocorticoid, Aldosterone, Vit D

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17
Q

What is the major source of Estrogens?

A

Ovary/Placenta

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18
Q

What is the major source of Progestins?

A

Ovary/Placenta

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19
Q

What is the major source of Androgens?

A

Testes/Adrenal Cortex

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20
Q

What is the major source of Aldosterone?

A

Adrenal Cortex

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21
Q

What is the major source of Glucocorticoids?

A

Adrenal Cortex

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22
Q

What is the major source of Vit D?

A

Skin, liver, Kidney

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23
Q

What is the general process of Protein Peptide hormone production?

A

Via Translation of the hormone

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24
Q

What is the general process of amine, iodothyronine and steroid hormone production?

A

Direct: Substrate + Enzyme = Hormone

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25
Which classifications of hormones are freely circulating and which are carrier bound?
Protein and amine are free | Iodothyronines and steroids are carrier dependent
26
What 3 parts make up the Adenohypophysis?
Pars Tuberalis, distalis, and intermedia
27
What 2 parts make up the Neurohypophysis?
Pars nervosa, and Infundibulum
28
What are the embryologic origins of the pituitary gland?
Infundibulum (Neural ectoderm) and Rathke's pouch (Oral ectoderm)
29
What is the name of an incomplete Rathke's Pouch migration?
Pharyngeal Hypophysis
30
What are the three cell types of the Adenohypophysis?
Acidophils Basophils Chromophobes
31
What are the hormones produced by Basophils?
``` Follicle stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Thyroid Stimulating Hormone "B-FLAT" ```
32
What are the hormones produced by Acidophils?
Prolactin Growth Hormone "APG" as in Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics
33
Be able to identify the cells types in the anterior and posterior pituitary...
http://medcell.med.yale.edu/systems_cell_biology/endocrine_systems_lab.php
34
What cell types produces Prolactin?
Lactotroph (mammotroph)
35
What cell type produces GH?
Somatotroph
36
What hormone is produced by thyrotrophs?
TSH
37
What is produced by Gonadotrophs?
FSH, LH
38
What is produced by Corticotrophs?
ACTH, B-Endorphin, B-Lipotropin
39
What is the influence of TSH?
Growth, energy balance
40
What is the influence of Prolactin?
Breast development and milk production
41
What is the influence of LH and FSH?
Steroid synth and Gamete development
42
What is the influence of ACTH?
Water / Salt balance, Inflammation, and Metabolism
43
What is the influence of GH?
Muscle / bone growth
44
What neurotransmitter inhibits Prolactin?
Dopamine
45
What hormones are released by the Posterior Pituitary?
Oxytocin and ADH
46
What is the main function of the pineal gland?
Melatonin Production
47
What is the series of the molecule precursors of melatonin?
Tryptophan --> 5-hydoxytryphtophan --> seerotonin --> N-acetylserotonin --> malatonin
48
What is the physiological pathway for light influence on melatonin inhibition?
Light --> eye --> suprachiasmatic nucleus --> Sympathetic central pathways --> superior cervical ganglion --> pineal gland
49
What is the result of blocking ADH?
Increased urine output may lead to dehydration.
50
What are the 5 components of regulating fluid?
ADH, Thirst, RAAS, ANP, Sodium Appetite
51
What are the neurotransmitters that inhibit and stimulate ADH release?
NE - inhibition | ACh - stimulate
52
How does an upright position influence ADH levels and why?
Increase ADH: Stand up --> blood to legs --> decrease volume in carotid --> Barrow receptors decrease firing --> increase ADH in attempt to increase blood volume
53
How does emotional stress influence ADH levels?
Increase
54
What pathology decreases ADH levels?
Diabetes Insipidus
55
Where is the site of influence of ADH?
Distal tubules --> increase water reabsorption
56
What is the mechanism of ADH?
Bind to cell receptors --> Increase Adenyl Cyclase --> increase porone
57
What is the cause of Diabetes Insipidus?
Decrease or absent ADH leads to increased, diluted urine output
58
What are the types of DI?
Neurohypophyseal and Nephrogentic
59
How can one differentiate between DI and Psychogenic Polydipsia?
If after water deprivation there is no decrease in urine output, DI.
60
What is the treatment for complete lack of ADH?
DDAVP
61
What is the treatment for partial lack of ADH?
Chlorpropamide
62
What is the treatment for nephrogenic DI?
Thiazide diuretic
63
What is Schwartz-Bartter syndrome?
Inappropriate ADH syndrome
64
What is the main concern with SIADH syndrome?
Dilutional hyponatremia
65
What are the three causes of SIADH?
``` Change in set point of ADH (brain lesion) Faulty stimuli (surgery) Ectopic production (tumor - esp. lung) ```
66
What are the three criteria for SIADH diagnosis?
Serum hypoosmolarity Inappropriately concentrated urine Elevated ADH
67
What drug will suppress ADH?
Dilantin
68
What is Sheehan's syndrome?
Loss of Ant pituitary (LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, GH) function due to ischemic necrosis.
69
What are the top 3 presentations with pituitary adenoma?
Visual disturbances, Headache, Acromegaly
70
What are two skin conditions that result from increase in ACTH?
Pigmentation change, Acne
71
What are the female manifestations of a prolactinoma?
galactorrhea, menstrual irregularity, infertility
72
What are the male manifestations of a prolactinoma?
galactorrhea, impotence, visual disturbances, headache, muscle weakness
73
What is the pharm tx of prolactinoma?
Bromocriptine
74
How can one distinguish a left from right sided pituitary adenoma?
Petrosal sinus sample
75
What are the embryological origins of the posterior and anterior pituitary?
Post.: Neural Ectoderm | Ant.: Rathke's Pouch (Ectodermal outpouching of oral cavity)
76
What are the embryo origins of the Inferior and Superior Parathyroid glands?
3rd and 4th Pharygeal pouches, respectively
77
What is the embryo origin of the Thyroid?
Foramen cecum (endoderm of the base of the tongue)
78
What can result from improper migration of the thyroid during development?
Thyroglossal cysts - almost all are within 2 cm of midline
79
What are the embryo origins of the cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands?
Cortex: Mesoderm Medulla: Neural Crest Ectoderm
80
How does the pancreas form during development?
A ventral and dorsal bud form from the gut tube. The Ventral then migrates dorsally. The buds then fuse.
81
What part of the adult pancreas is made of the ventral bud?
The head
82
What is the origin of the primordial germ cells?
Yolk sack
83
What cells are responsible for testosterone production?
Leydig cells
84
What cells produce estrogen?
Follicular cells
85
What cells produce progesterone?
Luteal
86
What cells secrete Mullein inhibiting factor?
Sertoli

Endo / Repro (15 decks)

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