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Locomotor > Malaria > Flashcards

Malaria Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main types of malaria?

A

P. falciparum and P. vivax

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2
Q

Where is P. falciparum worst in the world?

A

sub saharan Africa

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3
Q

Where is P. vivax the worst?

A

asia pacific and south and central america

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4
Q

What are the obstacles to combating malaria?

A

no vaccine, drug resistance, insecticide resistance, plus economic, social and political factors

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5
Q

Which type of malaria causes the most severe type of malaria?

A

P. falciparum

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6
Q

Which type of malaria has a dormant liver stage?

A

P. vivax

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7
Q

What transmits malaria?

A

female anopheles mosquitos

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8
Q

How long does P. falciparum incubate in the liver for?

A

7-10 days

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9
Q

During what stage of the life cycle does malaria cause disease?

A

when there are high numbers of parasites in the blood stream - the liver stage is asymptomatic

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10
Q

What are sporozoites?

A

the stage of the life cycle that infects the human

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11
Q

What are merozoites?

A

the stage of the life cycle that infects the blood stream

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12
Q

What does the immune response target?

A

merozoites

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13
Q

What are the clinical features of uncomplicated (mild) malaria?

A

flu like illness with fever, headache, malaise

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14
Q

What are the clinical features of severe malaria

A

severe anaemia, cerebral malaria (coma, convulsions), respiratory distress and metabolic acidsosis, hypoglycaemia, kidney failure, blood clotting problems

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15
Q

What percentage of cases are severe malaria?

A

5%

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16
Q

What is the treatment of mild malaria?

A

short course of anti malarials

17
Q

What is the treatment of mild malaria caused by P.vivax

A

14 day course of anti malarials - because of the doormant liver stage

18
Q

What is the treatment of severe malaria?

A

anti malarials and supportive care

19
Q

What causes the problems in the body from malaria?

A

parasites accumulating in vital organs, inflammatory response, destruction of RBCs

20
Q

What are the three types of immunity to malaria?

A

immunity that prevents severe malaria, immunity that prevents any malaria and immunity that protects against malaria in pregnancy

21
Q

Why is there slow develop of immunity to malaria?

A

multiple antigenic targets, antigenic diversity, antigenic variation

22
Q

What genetic factors help in resistance to malaria?

A

sickle cell, alpha-thalassemia, blood groups

23
Q

What acquired immune response is there against sporozoites?

A

antibodies and T cells - the antibodies prevent infection of hepatocytes

24
Q

What acquired immune response is there against infected hepatocytes?

A

T cells

25
Q

What acquired immune response is there against merozoites?

A

antibodies - inhibit invasion of RBCs

26
Q

What acquired immune response is there against infected RBCs?

A

antibodies (because parasite antigens are expressed on the cell surface) and CD4 T cells

27
Q

Which cytokine in the blood stage is associated with protection?

A

IFNgamma

28
Q

Which cytokine in the blood stage is associated with severe disease?

A

TNFalpha

29
Q

What are the different types of vaccines against malaria?

A

vaccines that target sporozoites, vaccines that target merozoites or vaccines that target the sexual stages to stop transmission

30
Q

What is the RTS,S vaccine?

A

a vaccine which targets the major antigen on sporozoites

31
Q

What is the efficacy of the RTS,S vaccine and how long does it last?

A

30-50% and only lasts 2 years

32
Q

Why is it difficult to develop a vaccine that targets merozoites?

A

because there are so many different antigens

33
Q

Are there vaccines available for P. vivax?

A

no

Locomotor (16 decks)

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