Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Locomotor > Bone Pathology > Flashcards

Bone Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the bone epiphysis?

A

the end of the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is the bone diaphysis?

A

the shaft of the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the bone metaphysis?

A

just proximal to the growth plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are haversian systems?

A

the way that cortical bone is organised - a haversian system is a cylinder and it is the functional unit of cortical bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a haversian canal?

A

the canal containing the blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and connective tissue in the middle of a haversian system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is woven bone?

A

the bone which is laid down first in growth and healing - the collagen is disorganised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is lamellar bone?

A

the bone that is laid down second - the collagen is organised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do osteocytes reside in bone?

A

in lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are canaliculae?

A

canals between the lacunae of ossified bone which contain the radiation processes of osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the role of osteocytes?

A

maintain matrix and respond to mechanical stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are resting osteoblasts located?

A

in the periosteum and the endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do osteoblasts look like histologically?

A

large basophilic cells with a paranuclear hoff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

mesenchymal stem cells which differentiate into osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do osteoclasts look like histologically?

A

multinucleated giant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells located?

A

in the periosteum and endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between periosteum and endosteum?

A

periosteum has a dense layer of connective tissue but endosteum doesnt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the blood supply and nerves of the bone located?

A

in the periosteum and endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

the mechanism of normal bone development in long bones - a model of the bone is built with hyaline cartilage - the chondrocytes proliferate, hypertrophy and then degenerate and the osteoblasts move in a replace it with bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What causes the minerals to deposit on the bone matrix?

A

osteoblasts secrete alkaline phosphatase which increases the concentration of phosphate locally which will result in calcium being drawn in and the calcium and phosphate precipitating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

the mechanism of normal bone development in flat bones where mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells

21
Q

What is osteoid?

A

collagen, proteins, growth factors and cytokines - laid down by osteoblasts

22
Q

What is the normal annual bone turnover?

A

5-10%

23
Q

What is a fracture?

A

a disruption of the integrity of a living bone

24
Q

What is an incomplete fracture?

A

a break in only one side of the cortex

25
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

more than 2 fragments of bone

26
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A

a fracture due to repeated low force injury to a normal bone

27
Q

What is a pathological fracture?

A

a normal force causing damage to a not normal bone e.g. osteoporotic bone

28
Q

What are the 4 stages of fracture healing?

A

inflammatory stage, soft callus, hard callus, remodelling

29
Q

What happens in the inflammatory stage of fracture healing?

A

there is haematoma formation where platelets and leukocytes release inflammatory cytokines and bone cells are activated and granulation tissue forms (fibroblasts, collagen and capillaries)

30
Q

How long does it take for granulation tissue to appear after a fracture?

A

first few days

31
Q

What happens in the soft callus stage of fracture healing?

A

the progenitor cells from the periosteum change into chondrocytes and produce collagen to form a soft callus which holds the bone in position without any strength while the periosteum grows over the outside

32
Q

When does the soft callus stage of fracture healing occur?

A

days to weeks

33
Q

What happens in the hard callus stage of fracture healing?

A

endochondral ossification resulting in woven bone

34
Q

When does the hard callus stage of fracture healing occur?

A

weeks to months

35
Q

What happens in the remodelling stage of fracture healing?

A

woven bone is converted to lamellar bone along the lines of stress - the bone is completely reconstituted

36
Q

When does the remodelling stage of fracture healing occur?

A

months to years

37
Q

What happens if the ends of the fracture are closely opposed?

A

may not require soft callus

38
Q

What is the goal of clinical management?

A

union of the fracture

39
Q

What factors slow fracture healing?

A

old age, diabetes, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, smoking, poor nutrition, open fracture, multiple injuries, infection

40
Q

What is non-union?

A

a fracture that wont heal and will result in pseudoarthrosis

41
Q

What is delayed union?

A

healing that doesnt occur as fast as expected

42
Q

What is mal union?

A

healing of bone in an unacceptable position

43
Q

Where does avascular necrosis often occur?

A

neck of femur and scaphoid

44
Q

What is Paget’s disease?

A

overactive osteoclasts and osteoblasts - results in thick soft cortex, coarse trabeculae, easily fracture, damages nerves

45
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

where bones dont mineralise properly due to a deficiency in vitamin D which leads to higher levels of PTH and therefore low phosphate

46
Q

What are the features in the bone due to hyperparathyroidism?

A

dissecting osteitis (osteoclasts in trabeculae) and osteitis fibrosa cystica (microfractures and granulation tissue)

47
Q

What are the symptoms of bony mets?

A

pathological fractures, hypercalcaemia, bone marrow failure, bone pain

48
Q

Which primary tumours give rise to metastases in bone?

A

breast, bronchus, thyroid, kidney, prostate, bowel

Locomotor (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions