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Locomotor > Immunisation > Flashcards

Immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the applications of immunisation?

A

prevent infection, treat infection, prevent or treat non infectious disease e.g. cancer, modify immune response e.g. vaccine against allergy, to modify physiology e.g. immunise against sex hormones to prevent ovulation

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2
Q

What are the two types of immunisation?

A

active and passive

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3
Q

What are the two types of passive immunisation?

A

antibodies and immune cells

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4
Q

What are the uses for passive immunisation with antibodies?

A

treatment and or prevention

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5
Q

What are the sources of antibodies for passive immunisation?

A

human, horse, monoclonal

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6
Q

What is pooled passive immunisation with antibodies?

A

a standard pool of antibodies is derived from donors

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7
Q

What is hyperimmune passive immunisation with antibodies?

A

antibodies are taken from people who have a high number of antibodies e.g. a patient recovering from varicella zoster

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8
Q

Why is passive immunisation with antibodies potentially hazardous?

A

can have reactions to it - particularly if given more than once

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9
Q

How long does passive immunisation with antibodies last?

A

short lived

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10
Q

How can antibodies be used to modify a disease?

A

if the patient is given the antibodies it will modify the course of the disease and make it less severe (for measles and varicella)

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11
Q

What infectious diseases are prevented with antibody passive immunisation?

A

measles, hepatitis B, varicella, rabies, tetanus, diptheria

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12
Q

What can be treated with antibody passive immunisation?

A

tetanus, diptheria, botulism, bites/stings, autoimmunity

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13
Q

How can an unattenuated living agent be used to immunise?

A

if it is from a different host (e.g. rotavirus) or if it is given via an abnormal route (e.g. giving a respiratory adenovirus by mouth)

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14
Q

How is an empirically attenuated vaccine made?

A

by getting a strain to grow somewhere it wouldnt normally grow

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15
Q

What are two examples of an empirically attenuated vaccine for bacteria?

A

BPG and typhoid

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16
Q

What is the Sabin vaccine?

A

the live empirically attenuated polio vaccine

17
Q

What viruses are treated with an empirically attenuated vaccine?

A

polio, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella zoster, rotavirus, yellow fever

18
Q

What is the only rationally attenuated vaccine and how was it made?

A

cholera - by deleting the genes for cholera toxin

19
Q

What are non replicating immunising agents?

A

inactivated virion/bacteria, purified product, product of cloned gene, synthetic immunogen, DNA vaccine

20
Q

What is the Salk vaccine?

A

the inactivated vaccine for polio

21
Q

What viruses have inactivated vaccines?

A

polio, influenza, hepatitis A, japanese encephalitis, rabies

22
Q

What bacteria have inactivated vaccines?

A

cholera, typhoid, pertussis, Q fever

23
Q

What is a component vaccine?

A

where the vaccine is made of a component of the pathogen

24
Q

What viruses have component vaccines and what are they made from?

A

hepatitis B - made from the surface antigen, HPV - made from virus like particles

25
Q

What are toxoids?

A

component vaccines - modified toxins from diptheria, tetanus and cholera

26
Q

What is 23vPPV?

A

the unmodified capsular polysaccharide component vaccine for pneumococcus

27
Q

What is Vi?

A

the unmodified capsular polysaccharide component vaccine for salmonella typhee

28
Q

What is 10v PCV and 13v PCV?

A

the modified capsular polysaccharide component vaccine for pneumococcus - used for children

29
Q

What are the advantages of living vaccines?

A

more natural broader immune response, local immunity, ease of administration

30
Q

What are the disadvantages of living vaccines?

A

disease (due to back mutation, spread to immunocompromised people or contamination) or failure (either because its dead, if there is pre existing passive immunity or because of interference)

31
Q

What are the advantages of killed vaccines?

A

stable, contamination unlikely, cant spread, safe for immune deficient patients

32
Q

What are the disadvantages of killed vaccines?

A

weaker immune response, higher dose needed, need adjuvants, expensive

33
Q

What type of vaccine is pertussis?

A

an acellular component vaccine

34
Q

Why is measles vaccine not given at birth?

A

because there is pre existing passive immunity from mum - so the vaccine wouldnt work

Locomotor (16 decks)

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