malaria Flashcards
what percent of the world pop lives in an endemic area of maleria
41.00%
how many species of plasmodium cause malaria in humans
p. falciparum, p. vivax, p. malariae, p. ovale, p knowlesi malaysia
what species cause maleria most commonly
falciparum from africa 40% and vivax from asia 14.6%
what are the two stages of malaria
hepatic stage and then blood stage
what species can take on a hypnozoite form and can relapse
vivax and ovale can stay in a dormant form and relapse if not treated correctly.
what is malaria paroxysm
fever chills headache muscle ache accompanied by the lysis of RBC at the same time
what species give you a 2 day cycle a four day and a high for two days
vivax and ovale every 48 falciparum not as sequenced and malariae every 72.
what is the most severe form of malaria or malignant tertian
falciparum is the worst less time between the fever stages, progresses raplidy
what is the most severe complication of malaria
cerebral malaria coma and seizure follow 4-5 days with fever 15-20% mortality
what are some other complication
anemia hypoglycemia lactic acidosis renal failure
what are the benign tertain malarias
vivax and ovale incubation 2-3 weeks can be dormant for years but can cause splenic rupture hypnozoite 8-40 weeks,
what are the quartan malarias
Malariae 3-6 weeks of incubation recrudenscence occur due to persistent low level of parasitemia up to 52 years knowlesi1-2weeks of incubation more acutely than other malarias due to its 24 hour replication cyce daily fevers rapid parasitemia.
what species infect mature and young RBC
falciparum and knowlesi
what species intect only young RBC
vivax and ovale
what species infect only older erythrocytes
malariae only likes the older cells.
what are the three mechanisms involved in pathogenis of anemi
1 RBC lysis bu mature asexual parasites, 2 supression of erythropoeisis by cytokines TNF a and IL13. Destruction of RBC by the spleen
severe anemia is most likely seen in what species
falciparum can effect up to 20% of circulation RBC
what are so other sympotoms of malaria
splenomegoly, hypoglycemia lactic acidosis microvascular sequestration coma seizures
how do you diagnosis malaria
clinical syndrome travel history and blood smear positive for parasites thin and thick
what does falciparum look like in a smear
only rigns and gametocytes PURPLE BANANAS normal RBC shape.
what does vivax and ovale look like in a smear
large pale RBC schuffer dots and all stages present
what does malariae look like on a smear
BAND FORMS no dots or stippling all stages present.
what does the immonodiagnosis test tell us
falciparum or other
what are some genetic mutations that give some resistance
sickle cell thalassemia G6PD southeast asian ovalocytosis, absence of duffy blood group antigen
what does babesia come from
a tick bite from rodents and cattle are the reservoir
what are the symptoms of babesia
fever chills myalgia hemolytic anemia many are asymptomatic
what would put you at a higher risk of babesia
elderly asplenic immunosuppressed
how do you diagnos babesia
blood smear with a MALTESE CROSS
how do you treat babesia
quinine and clindamycin
what do most drugs treat in malaria, what form
blood forms.
what is chloroquine
kills intra erythrocytic forms, orally phrophalactic but has a resistance that has been used, use west of panama canal mexico haiti and domincan replublic
tell me about quinine
poor therapeutic to toxic ratio, can cause cinchonism hearing problems and nausea, can cause hypoglycemia
tell me about mefloquine
derivative of quinine, well tolorated all species treated can cause psychiatric symptoms.
tell me about docycline
prophylaxis and treatment. Photosensitivey dermatiits and staining of teeth in children dont use in kids an pregnancy
tell me about primaquine
only drug that will treat agains hyponozoites in liver ovale and vivax, given after clinical cure, can cause RBC lysis in person with G6PD deficiency so always look for a G6PD status
