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Developmental Biology > Making an Axis > Flashcards

Making an Axis Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of axial patterning

A
  • Frog: sperm entry and organiser graft (DV axis)
  • Drosophila: bicoid (AP axis)
  • Chick: limb bud SHH (AP axis)
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2
Q

Drosophila: organisation of DV axis

A

Dorsal ectoderm - future epidermis
Neuroectoderm - future nervous system
Mesoderm- future muscle

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3
Q

Which gene/s are associated with each region of the blastoderm?

A

Dorsal ectoderm - dpp
Neuroectoderm - rhomboid
Mesoderm - twist, snail

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4
Q

What sets up the dorsal-ventral axis in the Drosophila?

A

Maternal effect genes

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5
Q

3 examples of dorsalised class genes

A
  • Dorsal
  • Toll
  • Spätzle
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6
Q

Example of centralised class gene

A
  • Cactus
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7
Q

What are dorsalised class genes required for?

A

The development of ventral cell fates in the embryo

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8
Q

What would happen if the embryo was lacking Toll?

A

The embryo would become dorsalised ( no ventral structures)

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9
Q

Which class of genes are required for the development of dorsal cell fates in the embryo?

A

Ventralised class

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10
Q

What would happen if the embryo was lacking cactus?

A

Embryo would become centralised (lack dorsal structures)

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11
Q

Epistatic analysis of dorsalised and centralised class genes: pathway

A

Spätzle—> Toll —| Cactus —| Dorsal

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12
Q

Spätzle is a ______

A

Ligand

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13
Q

Toll is a ________

A

Receptor

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14
Q

Dorsal is a _________ _______

A

Transcription factor

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15
Q

Cactus binds to ______

A

Dorsal

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16
Q

What is the distribution of Dorsal like in the cytoplasm?

A

Evenly distributed (unlike bicoid)

17
Q

Toll signalling is active on which side of the embryo?

A

Ventral

18
Q

Signalling of which protein occurs on the ventral side of the embryo?

A

Toll

19
Q

What enters on the ventral side of the nuclei?

A

Dorsal

20
Q

What is the consequence of Dorsal entering on the ventral side of the nuclei?

A

Creates a concentration gradient of nuclear Dorsal protein due to spätzle only being active on ventral side (activates Toll)

21
Q

What does Dorsal activate?

A

Transcription of zygotic genes in the mesoderm on the ventral side of the embryo

22
Q

What does Dorsal repress?

A

Transcription of other zygotic genes so that they are only activated in dorsal regions

23
Q

Which other genes are activated by Dorsal? Do they respond to different thresholds?

A

Twist, snail, rhomboid. Yes - acts as a morphogen

24
Q

Which gene is repressed by Dorsal?

A

Dpp

25
Q

In the ventralised mutants what kind of fate do all cells adopt?

A

Ventral fate

26
Q

In ventralised mutants…

A
  • Dorsal enters whole DV axis
  • twist, snail, rhomboid activated throughout
  • dpp expression supressed
27
Q

In the dorsalised mutants what kind of fate do all cells adopt?

A

Dorsal fate

28
Q

In dorsalised mutants…

A
  • Dorsal protein excluded from nucleus
  • Mesodermal genes not expressed at all
  • dpp expressed throughout the embryo
29
Q

Ventralised mutants have no ________ structures

A

Dorsal

30
Q

Dorsalised mutants have no __________ structures

A

Ventral

31
Q

Which gene patterns the dorsal side?

A

dpp

32
Q

dpp forms another ________ gradient

A

Morphogen

33
Q

During gastrulation, what moves inside the embryo?

A

The mesoderm

34
Q

What does the mesoderm moving inside the embryo during gastrulation give rise to?

A

Muscles of the larva

35
Q

After gastrulation, what is now on the ventral side?

A

Neuroectoderm

36
Q

After gastrulation, the neuroectoderm is now on which side?

A

Ventral side

37
Q

Role of the Toll pathway in the innate immune response

A

Stimulated by bacterial and fungal infection in adult flites

38
Q

In vertebrates, where are Toll-like receptors expressed?

A

Macrophages

Developmental Biology (15 decks)

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