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Developmental Biology > Early Embryogenesis > Flashcards

Early Embryogenesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are gametes derived from?

A

Germ cells, they undergo meiosis to give rise to haploid gametes

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2
Q

Define haploid

A

Only one copy of each chromosome

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3
Q

Define diploid

A

Two copies of each chromosome present

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4
Q

Sperm structure

A

Acrosomal vesicle at head
Nucleus
Lots of mitochondria
Flagellum

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5
Q

Stages of fertilisation

A
  1. Binding of sperm to zona pellucida
  2. Acrosomes reaction - acrosomes released from vesicles to break down bona pellucida
  3. Penetration through bona pellucida
  4. Fusion of plasma membranes
  5. Sperm nucleus enters egg cytoplasm
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6
Q

What is polyspermy?

A

Fertilisation of an egg by multiple sperm entering as the same time

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7
Q

How is polypsermy usually prevented?

A
  • Change in membrane potential after one sperm enters

- Cortical reaction

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8
Q

What is the cortical reaction?

A

Formation of the fertilisation membrane and hyaline layer –> prevents other sperm from binding to the egg plasma membrane

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9
Q

Egg activation - after fertilisation

A

Release of calcium ions
Ca2+ travels across resulting in the completion of meiosis
- Both necessary and sufficient for egg activation

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10
Q

Which ion is involved in egg activation?

A

Ca2+

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11
Q

Can cells become polarised and divide asymmetrically during development?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Difference between blastula and blastocyst

A

Blastocyst has the embryoblast/inner cell mass

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13
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Rapid and synchronous division of cells with no overall growth to form ball of cells - blastula

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14
Q

3 examples of different cleavage patterns

A
  • Holoblastic
  • Meroblastic
  • Superficial
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15
Q

Which organism/s have a holoblastic cleavage pattern?

A

Mouse, human, C. elegans

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16
Q

Which organism/s have a meroblastic cleavage pattern?

A

Zebrafish, chick

17
Q

Which organism/s have a superficial cleavage pattern?

A

Drosophila

18
Q

Which phase of the cell cycle is not present in the earl embryo?

A

The G phase

19
Q

Zygotic genome activation

A

During cleavage, zygotic genome is transcriptionally silent and embryo uses maternal supply of nucleotides and histones to replicate DNA content

20
Q

What happens due to zygotic genome activation?

A
  • Cell cycle slow
  • Cell cycle becomes asynchronous
  • Cell movement begins
21
Q

How does the embryo replicate DNA content during cleavage?

A

Uses maternal supply of nucleotides and histones

Developmental Biology (15 decks)

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