Major Psychotherapies: Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Who are some notable Psychoanalysts?
A
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Carl Jung (1875-1961)
2
Q
Who was the inventor of psychotherapy?
A
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
3
Q
Who was Sigmund Freud’s Student?
A
Carl Jung (1875-1961)
4
Q
What are Unconscious Motivations?
A
Something buried in our mind that we aren’t aware of.
5
Q
Most of our behaviors are given by unconscious forces. These unconscious forces are often in _________ with each other.
A
Conflict
6
Q
What are the terms that were developed by Sigmund Freud?
A
Id, Ego, and Superego
7
Q
The most primitive part of the psyche. It operates on the _______ _________ principles. It pushes us to fulfill our basic, carnal desires. (ex. sex, appetite, etc.) Sigmund Fraud would consider a baby as this. What is this definition defining?
A
Desire/ Pleasure
ID (IT in English)
8
Q
Develops as the psyche matures. It operates on the _________ principle. This helps the ID find realistic ways to obtain (or delay) gratification. This try’s to reason with the ID. More mature than ID, older. “Works out the problem.” What is this definition defining?
A
Reality
EGO (eye in English)
9
Q
Develops as a person incorporates values from parents and other respected figures. It operates on the _______ principle. it helps restrain the shameful desires of the ID and persuades the EGO to pursue noble goals. Develops as you get older. Used the values taught to you from your parents and learnings. “Older Mindset.” What is this definition defining?
A
Moral
SUPEREGO (super eye in English)
10
Q
Most of the mind is ________. Tension between the ID, EGO, AND SUPEREGO can cause conflict. Mechanisms are placed that can be healthy and or unhealthy to help with this _____.
A
Subconscious
Conflict
11
Q
Reducing you pain by helping others.
A
Altruism
12
Q
Covering up a real or imagined weakness by empathizing some other strength.
A
Compensation
13
Q
Converting strong emotional stress into a physical symptom. Ego will convert a neuro problem into a physical problem. The mind will convert it.
A
Conversion
14
Q
Conversion Example:
A
Witnessing a violent murder and becoming blind—even though the eyes appear to function correctly.
Can’t speak out mental problems in some countries, but can have physical pain so the mind switches the neuro problem to physical problem to real to cultural beliefs.
15
Q
Not acknowledging reality because it is too painful or difficult. Too much too fast for the ego, “buys some time”, used to even out the blow by the ego. Relieve pressure or pain for the ego.
A
Denial
16
Q
Denial Example:
A
Being arrested twice for drunk driving but refusing to admit a drinking problem.
17
Q
Redirecting your anger at another object, person, or situation.
A
Displacement (common)
18
Q
Displacement Example:
A
Yelling at your spouse when you are actually angry at your boss at work.
19
Q
Temporarily losing your connection to the outside world to escape the pain.
A
Dissociation
20
Q
Attempting to improve feelings about self by emulating an admired person.
A
Identification
21
Q
Avoiding painful emotions by focusing on logic and reasoning.
A
Intellectualization
22
Q
Attributing your own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or behaviors to someone else.
A
Projection (socially accepted)
23
Q
Projection Example:
A
Stealing money but then accusing that person of stealing from you.
24
Q
Justifying unacceptable feelings or behavior by giving excuses.
A
Rationalization
25
Feeling negative or unacceptable feelings but demonstrating the opposite.
Reaction Formation
26
Returning to childlike, immature behaviors during a time of stress.
Regression (Seen a lot in PEDS units)
27
Unknowingly pushing an unpleasant thought or memory out of your consciousness.
Repression (common w/ abuse)
28
Seeing people, situations, or events as either completely good or completely evil.
Splitting (personality disorder)
29
Splitting Example:
Thinking your mother is absolutely evil because she grounded you for the weekend.
30
Redirecting unacceptable drives or passions into socially acceptable forms.
Sublimation
31
Consciously deciding to ignore a thought, emotion, or desire.
Supression
32
Trying to reverse a negative or guilty feeling by doing something to make up for it.
Undoing
33
Occurs when the client unconsciously transfers feelings toward a person in the client’s past onto the clinician.
Transference
34
Occurs when the clinician unconsciously transfers feelings toward a person in the clinician’s past onto the client. When a patient or person reminds you of a person in your life.
Countertransference
35
using a predefine list of words to see what thoughts/images they spontaneously produce in the client. This is meant as a way to reveal subconscious processes.
Free association
36
keeping a dream journal and interpreting their meaning with the therapist.
Dream analysis
37
using a set of ambiguous images (ink blots) and asking the client to describe them. This too is meant to elucidate hidden mental processes.
Rorschach inkblot test
38
Psychoanalytic techniques include: (3)
Free Association
Dream Analysis
Rorschach Inkblot Test
39
Who were some notable behaviorists that couldn’t stand Fraud and his ideas?
John Watson (1878-1958)
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
40
Behaviorists believe Freudian hypotheses about the mind, dreams, etc. are unscientific and unnecessary. Instead, behaviorists contend psychological problems are caused by having ___________ maladaptive responses. Fortunately, these behaviors can be unlearned.
Learned
41
Actions that are followed by rewards are strengthened and more likely to occur again. Operant conditioning utilizes this fact. If you have depression, maybe you are rewarding yourself by being depressed (Ex. Eating ice cream because you’re depressed) Look at hidden rewards. Reward yourself for studying for a test when you aren’t an often studier.
Operant conditioning
42
Token economies are systems in which behavior is regulated by emphasizing and rewarding positive behaviors and removing those rewards when misbehaving. This approach is commonly used in elementary schools. (Ex: treasure box rewarding goodness in class for children)
Token economies
43
The technique involves the intentional removal of a reward for a maladaptive behavior (which is sometimes given unintentionally) so as to decrease its likelihood of recurring. An example of this is teaching parents to ignore and walk away when a child throws a temper tantrum. (Ex. Kid holding their breath when they are angry)
Extinction
44
Teaching a client behavioral skills by acting out scenarios and practicing them. Teach the person a role model behavior. Therapy they do lifelike role play simulations.
Modeling (role-playing)
45
A technique in which therapists help clients extinguish phobias by experiencing increasingly anxiety-provoking situations. Typically relaxation techniques are practiced during these exposures. (Ex. A person who is scared of flying, but is working for a company that they have to fly often. It causes a desensitization. In therapy will get the client to book a flight or pick someone up from the airport for example)
Systematic desensitization
46
Teaching clients proven techniques that decrease anxiety and stress (e.g., deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, meditation, etc.). Good way to deal with stress and or anxiety.
Relaxation techniques (reciprocal inhibition)
47
Helping a client avoid a behavior by teaching a client to associate it with something negative. An example of this is prescribing disulfiram to treat alcoholism. Disulfiram works by causing extreme discomfort when the patient consumes alcohol. (Ex. Patients that struggle with alcoholism, they will take the medication and get the patient to drink alcohol, it makes the client hate the alcohol by making them feel terrible. The patient will eventually stop drinking and or stop the medication)
Aversion therapy
48
Notable Cognitive-Behaviorists
Brought back the brain into behavioral therapy and brought back the notion of thoughts into behavioral therapy.
49
Who are the Notable Cognitive-Behaviorists?
Albert Ellis (1913-2007).
Aaron Beck (born 1921)
50
Epictetus, the ancient Stoic philosopher, summarized the essence of cognitive-behaviorism: “Men are not disturbed by things, but by the __________ which they take of them." We are upset by our views or thoughts of those things.
Views
51
Can’t change your emotions directly. Behave as something that we fell we are not. (ex. If depressed, think and behave as a person who of which is not depressed) People that are depressed and or anxious have common/similar thoughts and say things to themselves that are common on a daily basis.
Cognitive Distortions
52
This is sometimes called black-and-white thinking. Someone with anorexia nervosa might think, “If I eat one cookie, I’ll eat a hundred and become disgustingly obese.” People with this view everything as if they have all or they have nothing. Ex: a person can either have no cookies or think they will eat all the cookies in the box and become obese.
All-or-nothing thinking
53
This fallacy involves mistaking one’s emotions or feelings as actual facts. It fails to recognize that emotions are often wrong. For example, emotions are greatly impacted by how much sleep we’ve had and if we are hungry. They are not very reliable. Emotions aren’t very accurate and change quickly, but these people believe that their emotions are exactly right.
Emotional reasoning
54
This is the error of blowing things hugely out of proportion. It is making a small problem into a crisis or catastrophe. For example, if a person you are in a relationship with forget to call you, you might falsely conclude they no longer care for you. Or perhaps they were in a terrible car accident! Magnify problems.
Magnification
55
This is the error of focusing only on the negative aspects of situation and ignoring or discounting the positive ones. A common example is a person dismissing a compliment with the thought, “They are just saying that to be nice.” Can’t accept a complement, filter out the good and only accept the bad.
Mental filter
56
This is the error of making something of great importance into something small or trivial. It is the opposite of magnification.
Minimization
57
This error involves feeling bad or guilty about things you have little or no control over.
Personalization
58
__________ challenges all of these to help the people change the behavior and think of the behavior at a deeper level.
Therapy
59
_________ _________ therapists help clients change unhelpful thoughts and behaviors. Ask several open-ended questions.
Cognitive-Behavioral
60
Therapy Techniques include:
Education
Socratic Questioning
Assertiveness Training
61
Therapists aims to teach the client to be his or her own therapist. As such, they spend time teaching concepts and skills. They often assign homework.
Education
62
This is the technique of asking a series of focused but open ended questions that help clients discover unrecognized deeply held beliefs and values that are impacting the client.
Socratic questioning
63
Some clients need help standing up for themselves and creating healthy boundaries. Assertiveness training teaches client how to stick up for themselves without becoming overly aggressive.
Assertiveness training
64
One particularly powerful ____ technique is teaching a client to recognize that negative emotions involve a predictable pattern that can be challenged and changed.
Ex: Patient is feeling depressed, and the therapist ask why they feel like this out of no where.
CBT
65
Cognitive Restructuring (ABCD Method)
(A). You might believe that this person no longer likes you (B). The emotional consequence of that belief might be that you feel worthless and depressed. (C), (What are your emotions going to be like?, might start avoiding people.). (D) your beliefs and replace them with more beneficial ones.
66
Who are some Notable Humanists?
Carl Rogers (1902-1987): Says that therapist need to be understanding and listen the the patient. Have a positive regard.
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970).
67
Roger’s believed constructive change is likely to occur if you are real/transparent with the client.
Genuineness
68
Rogers believed constructive change is likely to occur if you feel genuine caring/acceptance/prizing/love for the client
Unconditional Positive Regard
69
Rogers believed constructive change is likely to occur if you can understand the inner world of the client (i.e., see the world through the client’s eyes).
Empathy
70
____________ believe people are inherently motivated to meet their needs and reach their greatest potential (self-actualization). The therapist need not tell the client what to do or how to solve their problems. Ultimately the client is the one that has to live with the outcomes of such decisions and is the one best suited to solve personal problems.
Humanists
71
__________ therapists do not act as an authority figure or tell the client what to do. They create an atmosphere of trust, acceptance, and ________. Humanistic therapists are highly skilled in active listening–a skill we will discuss later in this course.
Humanistic
Empathy
72
Therapists who form better alliances… have better outcomes” (p. 45). Another way of saying this is that the ______________ the therapist builds with the client is more important than the psychotherapeutic techniques used.
Relationship
73
What are the four main types of groups?
Teaching groups
Self-help groups
Supportive/therapeutic groups
Group therapy
74
aim to provide information to group members (e.g., medication education, disease information). Nurses can lead many types of teaching groups.
Teaching Group
75
are designed to help members to receive guidance and support from others who are undergoing (or have undergone) similar experiences. A classic example of a self-help group is Alcoholic Anonymous. (AA)
Self-Help Group
76
aim to help clients cope with a problem or mental illness. Leaders of this type of group must be knowledgeable in group processes and the topic/issue being discussed. Many psychiatric nurses lead supportive/therapeutic groups. Grief recovery group, a group they normally shares a common denominator.
Supportive/Therapeutic Groups
77
is an actual form of psychotherapy. Leaders of group therapy must have advanced education/training. Psychotherapy is performed (e.g., psychoanalysis, CBT, DBT).
Group Therapy
78
investigated this phenomenon and identified 11 therapeutic factors of group therapy.
Yalom’s Therapeutic Factors
79
Witnessing other members’ progress can help a person believe in their own ability to improve. See people that have gotten better, and seeing others who have grown and are sharing their stories, helps people see the struggle and how to improve.
Instillation of hope
80
People often feel like their problems are unique. Hearing others share similar experiences can be comforting and decrease feelings of isolation. MOST POWERFUL. This is the belief that lots of people have the same exact problems and or challenges, so that you are not alone and aren’t the only one that is facing such a struggle.
Universality
81
A circular seating arrangement is usually best.
Seating arrangements
82
Large groups decrease participation. Many agree that the ideal group size is 12 or less.
Group Size
83
Groups may have open or closed policies. There is not necessarily a correct policy on membership. For example, some Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) groups are open while others are closed. Whatever the policy, group members should be informed and the policy should be followed.
Membership restrictions
84
What are the three major leadership styles in group therapy?
Autocratic
Democratic
Laissez-faire
85
These leaders are authoritative. They dictate the groups, policies, activities, and determine the group’s goals. Set all the roles and goals of the group. Most common in, in-patient facilities.
Autocratic
86
These leaders seek participation from group members in determining policies, activities, and goals. What are you hoping to do? What are you hoping to accomplish?
Democratic
87
These leaders have a hands-off approach. They allow the members to self-determine policies, activities, and goals.
Laissez-faire
88
ACT dispenses with the CBT notion of disputing thoughts. Instead of disputing thoughts, ACT teaches clients to experience thoughts as mere thoughts that come and go (e.g., like cars driving by your house). If you attempt to avoid troubling thoughts or emotions, you may end up feeling more distress than you otherwise would have.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
89
DBT is a modified version of CBT. It’s probably the best treatment for borderline personality disorder. It was developed by Marsha Linehan, a psychologist who suffers from borderline personality disorder. You’ll learn more about this disorder later in the course.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): Borderline personality disorder
90
Motivational interviewing is an alternative to the 12-step framework (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous). It’s based on the idea that the harder you push someone to change, the harder they will resist your efforts. Motivational interviewing is highly effective in treating addictions and motivating people to make positive lifestyle changes (e.g., dieting, exercise).
Motivational Interviewing: works best with addictions, and help make better life decisions.
91
________ _______ _________ emphasizes clients cannot be understood in isolation; they must be understood in the context of the interlocking relationships in which they belong. This approach teaches family members to explore their roles, how to change roles, ways to support each other, and how to build a healthier family system.
Family Systems Therapy
