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Biodiversity and Conservation > Maintaining populations in the wild > Flashcards

Maintaining populations in the wild Flashcards

1
Q

What is MVP?

A

Minimal viable population

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2
Q

What is PVA?

A

Population Viability Analysis

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3
Q

MVP is the what?

A

The product

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4
Q

PVA is the what?

A

The process

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5
Q

What are the components of Population Viability Analysis?

A

Population Phenotype
Environment
Population structure and fitness

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6
Q

What are population phenotypes?

A

Morphology
Physiology
Behaviour

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7
Q

Give an example of morphology

A

Variation in size, shape and patterns

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8
Q

Give an example of physiology

A

Metabolism
Reproduction
Disease resistance

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9
Q

Give an example of intra and inter specific behaviour

A

Courtship
Social
Interactions

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10
Q

Give an example of behavioural distribution

A

Dispersal
Migration
Habitat selection

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11
Q

What are the components of the environment?

A

Habitat quantity

Habitat quality

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12
Q

Give an example of the factors in habitat quality

A

Abundance of resources
Abundance of species
Patterns of disturbance

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13
Q

What are the components of population structure and fitness?

A

Dynamics of spatial distribution
Age and size
Sex ratio
Growth rate

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14
Q

What types of extinction are there?

A

Deterministic

Stochastic

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15
Q

Define deterministic

A

A change of force from which there is no escape. Something essential is removed or introduced

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16
Q

Define stochastic

A

Results from normal random changes or environmental perturbations

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17
Q

Give an example of a stochastic event

A

The thinning of a population that doesn’t cause it to become extinct

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18
Q

What is the problem with the thinning of a population?

A

Increased risk of another random event

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19
Q

Also, if the population has been thinned why may their be an increased risk of extinction?

A

Lower populations are more likely to be vulnerable

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20
Q

Define viable population size

A

Smallest number of individuals needed to give a population a high probability of survival in a specified period of time

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21
Q

Give an example of a species that has been studied for a viable population size

A

The Big Horn Sheep

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22
Q

What was the viable population size of the big horn sheep?

A

101

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23
Q

Why do certain populations decline?

A

Genetic problems
Demographic influences
Environmental fluctuations

24
Q

Give an example of the genetic problems that cause populations to decline

A

Inbreeding

Genetic Drift

25
Q

Give an example of the demographic influences that cause populations to decline

A

Random variations in birth and death rates

26
Q

Give an example of the type of environmental fluctuations that cause populations to decline

A 
Predations
Competition
Disease
Food supplies
Natural catastrophes
27
Q

In a generation, a population of 500 will lose what percentage of its genetic diversity?

A

0.1%

28
Q

In what ways can genetic drift be prevented?

A

By ensuring connectivity between populations of species

29
Q

What is an effective population?

A

50 based on domesticated animals, but basically between 50-500 individuals

30
Q

Give an example of unequal sex ratio

A

In elephant seals only one male mates with all of the females

31
Q

How many populations of the grizzly bear are now in the US?

A

Six populations in four states due to the Western colonisation

32
Q

What is the number of grizzly bears currently and past?

A

From 100,000 to 1,000

33
Q

What is the effective population size of the grizzly bear and why?

A

25% because not all individuals can breed

34
Q

How does this number of effective population affect the grizzly bear?

A

It can cause a loss in genetic variation

35
Q

What is inbreeding depression?

A

The reduced fitness in a given population as a result of the breeding of related individuals

36
Q

Why is inbreeding depression not a problem in large populations?

A

In large populations, individuals do not mate with close relatives

37
Q

What is the result of inbreeding depression?

A

Weak or sterile offspring and expression of harmful genes

38
Q

Where is inbreeding more likely?

A

In smaller populations

39
Q

Why is inbreeding a cause for concern for rare species?

A

Threatens their survival

40
Q

What is outbreeding depression?

A

Outbreeding depression is a scientific term that refers to when two distant relatives of the same species produce offspring less fit than themselves

41
Q

What is the potential outcome from a loss of evolutionary flexibility?

A

Extinction

42
Q

How can variability in climate effect population sizes?

A

A wet year could increase plant growth and therefore increase herbivores which in turn could increase carnivores

43
Q

How can natural catastrophes affect population sizes?

A

It can eliminate populations

44
Q

Variability in climate is more likely to affect what population sizes?

A

Small population sizes, they are more vulnerable

45
Q

Explain the Vortex Effect

A

Natural disaster may lower population size. This may lead to inbreeding depression. Meaning more vulnerable to extinction.

46
Q

Give an example of a species that become victim to the Vortex Effect

A

Greater Prairie Chicken

47
Q

Give the population in 1933, and the population in 1989

A

25,000 in 1933 to 50 in 1989.

48
Q

What was the reason for the Greater Prairie Chickens decline?

A

Conversion of prairie to farmland

49
Q

As a result of translocation of male Greater Prairie Chickens to larger populations what happened?

A

Increased egg hatching success, and increase in genetic diversity

50
Q

Rarity is a natural phenomenon based on what three parameters?

A

Geographical range
Habitat specificity
Population sizes

51
Q

In terms of the IUCN Red List what does extinct in the wild mean?

A

Extinct in the wild!

52
Q

In terms of the IUCN Red List what does critically endangered/ endangered mean?

A

In danger of extinction if causal factors of decline continue

53
Q

In terms of the IUCN Red List what does vulnerable mean?

A

Species that are likely to become endangered if casual factors of decline continue

54
Q

In terms of the IUCN Red List what does near threatened mean?

A

Populations that are not endangered of vulnerable, but are at risk

55
Q

In terms of the IUCN Red List what does least concern mean?

A

Abundant species

56
Q

How does the IUCN Red List determine which species goes into which category?

A

By measurements of species decline and population viability

Biodiversity and Conservation (9 decks)

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