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Biodiversity and Conservation > Invasive Species > Flashcards

Invasive Species Flashcards

1
Q

What is the driving force behind biodiversity loss?

A

Human activities

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2
Q

What % of species imported appear in the wild?

A

10%

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3
Q

What % of species become established?

A

10%

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4
Q

What % of species become a pest?

A

10%

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5
Q

What is the rule?

A

10% rule

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6
Q

Give three examples of the types of invasive species

A

Predator
Parasite
Parasitoid

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7
Q

Give three more examples of the type of invasive species

A

Pathogen
Herbivore
Swamping (growing in dense concentrations)

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8
Q

Give an example of an invasive parasite

A

the isopod that has invaded mud shrimp

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9
Q

How does the isopod affect mud shrimp?

A

Enters the gill chamber, sucks the blood and destroys the ability to reproduce

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10
Q

Invasive species are an important component of what?

A

Evolutionary processes

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11
Q

How are most invasive species introduced?

A

Purposely mediated human introductions as garden plants
Horticultural industry
Farming
Accidental

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12
Q

Do all introductions have negative effects?

A

No not all

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13
Q

Give an example of how one invasive plant can have a positive impact on native biodiversity

A

Himalayan Balsam has the ability to offer a valuable nectar source for pollinators in later summer months

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14
Q

In the UK, what percentage of plant species are non-native?

A

10%

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15
Q

Give an example of the percentage of non-native species found in another country

A

In New Zealand up to 50% of the plant species are non-native

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16
Q

Give an example of the rate in which a species can invade

A

Himalayan Balsam was introduced as a garden plant in 1839 and quickly adapted to the environment, reproducing in large numbers (Hedja, 2009).

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17
Q

Give a characteristic of a why an invasive species may be successful

A

Himalayan Balsam has an ability to literally launch its seeds over a distance of 3-5 meters (Ammer, 2011) and using river habitats to disperse further

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18
Q

How can some native species be vulnerable to invasion?

A

Some plant species may be specialist in their habitat requirements, and invasive alien species are normally generalist species

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19
Q

What makes a good invasive species?

A

High productive rate
Broad habitat requirements
Good dispersal

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20
Q

What makes s good habitat for invasion?

A

Early successional area

Disturbed areas

21
Q

Why are remote islands good for invasive species?

A

Low taxonomic diversity
Empty niche space
No predators

22
Q

Define invaders

A

A species from somewhere else

23
Q

Define Weed or pest

A

A species that someone would like to remove

24
Q

Give an example of two stowaways

A

Black rat and house mice

25
Q

Give an example of an invasive mammal in the UK

A

The Rabbit

26
Q

Where are rabbits native?

A

The Iberian peninsular

27
Q

Are rabbits invasive in their native range? And if not, what are their characteristics

A

Never a pest, smaller and mature earlier

Lower reproduction rate

28
Q

When were rabbits introduced into the UK?

A

12th Century

29
Q

How did rabbits evolve?

A

They became more hardy and prolific

30
Q

How did agriculture help rabbits?

A

Winter crops facilitated their establishment

31
Q

Give an example of an invader that has impacted the rabbit invader

A

Mixamatosis

32
Q

What is mixamotosis?

A

It’s a virus spread through insect transmission

33
Q

What impact can Himalayan balsam have on river banks?

A

It can outcompete native plant communities by competing for space, light and nutrients and during winter can result in the erosion of river banks

34
Q

Give an example of an invasive duck in the UK

A

The Ruddy Duck!

35
Q

When was the ruddy duck introduced?

A

1948

36
Q

How many breeding pairs of Ruddy Duck were introduced? And in what year?

A

Three breeding pairs in 1948

37
Q

What was the population of Ruddy Duck by 1992?

A

3500

38
Q

What percentage did the ruddy ducks population increase each year?

A

15%

39
Q

What happened as the Ruddy Duck spread through Europe and Iceland?

A

It hybridized

40
Q

What is the name of the duck species that the Ruddy Duck interbred with in Europe?

A

The endangered white headed duck

41
Q

Give an example of an invasive pathogen

A

Ash dieback

42
Q

What factor can increase invasive species and why?

A

Climate change can increase invasive species spread by creating suitable conditions for invasive species to colonise

43
Q

Give an example of the impact an invasive species can have on native plant communities and pollination

A

Himalayan Balsam can disrupt native plant-pollinator relationships resulting in a reduction in genetic diversity (Truscott et al., 2008)

44
Q

How can some species be introduced accidently?

A

Some species can be introduced accidently by transport (I.e. seeds stuck on car tyres).

45
Q

Give an example on the extent of a species introduction from one plant

A

Japanese knotweed established itself from one individual plant and spreads through rhizomes. It outcompetes and destructs habitats

46
Q

How can some species of invasive plants facilitate their survival?

A

Dispersal methods and mutualistic bonds with pollinators

47
Q

Give an example of how invasive plants can have a positive effect on pollinators?

A

It can provide a nectar source, and increase their geographical range

48
Q

Explain how Himalayan Balsam can be hardy in terms of its seeds?

A

Its seeds can last up to 18 months allowing it to easily recolonize

49
Q

Why else may Himalayan Balsam be popular with native pollinators?

A

It’s brightly coloured and attractive petals (purple and blue).

Biodiversity and Conservation (9 decks)

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