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Biodiversity and Conservation > Introductions and reintroductions > Flashcards

Introductions and reintroductions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of captive breeding?

A

Normally in tandem with nature conservation/ restoration

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2
Q

What are the only ways introductions or reintroductions can be successful?

A

If the original threat to the population has been removed

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3
Q

What is the difference between introductions and reintroductions?

A

Introductions may form new populations

Reintroductions may add to existing populations

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4
Q

What is the ultimate goal of reintroductions?

A

To establish a viable population that is free ranging in the wild with no management

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5
Q

What is translocation?

A

It’s a deliberate and mediated movement of wild individuals from one part of their range to another

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6
Q

What are the objectives of reintroductions?

A

To ensure long term survival of species
To restore natural biodiversity
To promote conservation awareness

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7
Q

What are the three steps in the process of reintroductions?

A

Pre-release activities
Socio-economic consideration
Planning, preparation and release

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8
Q

Give two examples of pre-release activities

A

Assessment of taxonomic status

Detailed studies of status and biology of wild species to determine needs

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9
Q

For animals, pre-release activities must take into consideration what?

A 
Habitat preferences
Adaptations to local conditions
Behaviour
Shelter and food requirements
Predators and disease
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10
Q

For plants, pre-release activities must take into consideration what?

A 
Habitat requirements
Dispersal mechanisms
Reproduction
Symbiotic relationships
Pests and diseases
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11
Q

Research into previous introductions and reintroductions should be done how?

A

With contact of experts who have done it before

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12
Q

What is important in terms of the area that introductions and reintroductions should take place?

A

It should be protected!

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13
Q

Give some examples of the factors of why introductions and reintroductions should take place

A 
Disease
Overhunting
Over-collection
Poisoning
Pollution
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14
Q

Give some more examples of the factors of why introductions and reintroductions should take place

A

Competition
Predation
Habitat loss
Adverse effects of previous management

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15
Q

It is desirable that source animals are from what?

A

Wild populations

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16
Q

If the donor populations for reintroductions are captive bred it is important that they are managed how?

A

Demographically and genetically

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17
Q

If using captive bred animals it is important that what is done in preparation?

A

Veterinary testing and training

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18
Q

Why should released animals be afraid of humans?

A

Otherwise they may cause a problem to livestock

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19
Q

Why should there be socio-economic considerations in introductions and reintroductions?

A

Because they are normally long-term projects that require financial and political support

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20
Q

Why do the attitudes of local people need to be assessed?

A

Because understanding and support of the local people is crucial to the projects success

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21
Q

Reintroductions must also have full support from what?

A

Government agencies

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22
Q

For planning, preparation and release who do you need approval with and in coordination with what?

A

Government agencies and land owners, in coordination with national and international conservation agencies

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23
Q

You also need the identification of what for planning, preparation and release?

A

Long and short term indicators

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24
Q

There also needs the security of what for planning preparation and release?

A

Adequate funding

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25
Q

Pre and Post-release what is of major importance?

A

Monitoring!

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26
Q

What is one of the biggest problems with captive breeding?

A

It can be too successful and therefore release it done without correct habitat restoration

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27
Q

Give an example of a direct method of monitoring post-release

A

Tagging an individual of the population

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28
Q

Give an example of an indirect method of monitoring post-release

A

Counting (spoor)

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29
Q

Give examples of the types of studying that can be done from released stock

A

Demographical, ecological and behavioural

30
Q

Why should people intervene post-release?

A

Supplementary feeding, veterinary, horticultural aid

31
Q

Why should there be evaluations of reintroductions?

A

To determine the success and cost-effectiveness

32
Q

Give an example of a species that has been reintroduced

A

The Arabian Oryx

33
Q

What happened to the Arabian Oryx?

A

It was over-hunted and by 1972 became extinct in the wild

34
Q

What precautionary measures were taken place for the Arabian Oryx?

A

Over-hunting was anticipated so they were captive bred

35
Q

When was the first re-release taken place for the Arabian Oryx?

A

1982

36
Q

Between 1990 and 1993 how many individual Arabian Oryx were released?

A

72

37
Q

By 1998 how many Arabian Oryx were in the wild?

A

350

38
Q

What was part of the success of reintroducing the Arabian Oryx?

A

A 250 genetically strong captive bred population

39
Q

In terms of translocation, what was required for the Arabian Oryx?

A

Translocation training

40
Q

Give an example of Boma training?

A

9 hours travel to empty quarter release area

Crated daily and transported daily a month prior to release

41
Q

On arrival, what is the method for Soft Release?

A

Kept in small pens

42
Q

In the pre-release enclosure what is provided?

A

Food and water

43
Q

What is the purpose of the pre-release enclosure?

A

Acclimatisation and adjusting to gut flora

44
Q

In the pre-release enclosure, once they forage ok what happens?

A

They are released

45
Q

Give some examples of the population trends of the Arabian Oryx post-release

A

By mid 2002 28% had died

46
Q

What was the population of the Arabian Oryx by 2002?

A

160-200

47
Q

What were the reasons for the decline in the Arabian Oryx post release?

A

Starvation
Competition
Hunting

48
Q

What happened in June 2011 in terms of the Arabian Oryx?

A

They were re-classified as Vulnerable

49
Q

How many Oryx were there in June 2011?

A

1000

50
Q

Give another example of an animal that has been reintroduced

A

The Black Footed Ferret

51
Q

Where is the black footed ferret native?

A

North America

52
Q

What did the black footed ferrets range match?

A

Its prey, the prairie dog

53
Q

In what year was it thought that the black-footed ferret went extinct?

A

1950

54
Q

What was the expected cause in the decline of the black footed ferret?

A

The decline in prairie dogs by 90-95%

55
Q

Why was there a decline in prairie dogs?

A

Habitat destruction and pest control

56
Q

What happened in 1964 in terms of the BFF?

A

A small population was found in S. Dakota

57
Q

Some of the BFF were put into captivity, but then what happened?

A

The captivity programme failed

58
Q

A new population of BFF was found in Meeteetse and put into captivity, what happened to the numbers?

A

Grew from 18 individuals in 1987 to 2600 in 1998

59
Q

The Black Footed Ferret were released in several locations, but what happened?

A

Low genetic variation (i.e. from one population).
Threat of disease
Decline of natural habitat and food source
Habituation

60
Q

What method can be used to prepare an animal for release into the wild?

A

Preconditioning

61
Q

What is the idea of preconditioning?

A

It is training for the wild, making them learn the basic skills they will need for wildness

62
Q

What is a species introduction?

A

When a species is taken from one location and translocated to another

63
Q

Historically translocation has been completed why?

A

To maintain populations as a source of food

64
Q

Why can introductions be good?

A

It can increase the numbers of an existing population

Can also increase genetic diversity

65
Q

How can introductions be bad?

A

Can introduce disease

Could impact on existing populations

66
Q

Give an example of an introduced species

A

The Seychelles Warbler

67
Q

Where are the Seychelles Warbler confined to?

A

Cousin Island

68
Q

How many individuals were there on this island?

A

26

69
Q

Correct habitat management raised the numbers of individuals to what?

A

300

70
Q

The Seychelles Warbler were introduced to two neighbouring islands resulting in what?

A

Healthy breeding populations without a loss in biodiversity

Biodiversity and Conservation (9 decks)

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