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AM PP Clues > Main Concepts COPY > Flashcards

Main Concepts COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What pH does thenlow volume state have?

A

Alkalotic (except diarrhea, RTA Type II and DKA) b/c Aldo dumps H+

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2
Q

What pH does vomiters have?

A

Alkalotic b/c you vomit out H+

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3
Q

What pH does diarrhea have?

A

Acidosis b/c stool has bicarb

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4
Q

What happened if pulse increased more than 10 on standing?

A

Hypovolemic shock

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5
Q

What happened if pulse decreases to less than 5 on standing?

A

Autonomic dysfunction

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of a low energy state?

A

CNS: mental retardation
CV: heart failure, pericardial effusion
Muscle: weakness, SOB, vasodilation, impotence, urinary retention, constipation

Rapidly dividing cells:

  • skin: dry
  • cuticles: brittle
  • hair:alopecia
  • bone marrow: suppressed
  • vascular endothelium: breaks down
  • lungs: infection, SOB
  • kidney: PCT will feel the effect first
  • GI: nausea, vomit, diarrhea
  • bladder: oliguria
  • sperm: decreased
  • germ cells: predisposed to cancer
  • breasts: atrophic
  • endometrium: amenorrhea
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7
Q

What are the most common signs of the low energy state?

A

Tachypnea and dyspnea

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8
Q

What are the most common symptoms of the low energy state?

A

Weakness and SOB

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9
Q

What are the most common infections of the low energy state?

A

UTI and respiratory infections

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10
Q

What is the most common cause of death in the low energy state?

A

Heart failure

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11
Q

What electrolytes does the low volume state have?

A

HIGH total Na, LOW serum Na (dilutional affect), LOW Cl, LOW K

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12
Q

Explain all restrictive lung diseases:

A

Restrictive: intersticial problem (non bacterial)

  • small stiff lungs (low VC)
  • trouble breathing in => FEV1/FVC : >0.8
  • ABG: low pO2 => increases RR, low pCO2, high pH
  • CXR: reticulo-nodular pattern, ground glass apperance
  • Die of cor pulmonale
  • Ex: NM diseases (breathing out is passive), drugs, autoimmune dz
  • Tx: Pressure support on ventilator, ^ O2 ^RR, ^inspiratory time
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13
Q

Explain all obstructive lung diseases:

A

Obstructive: airway problem (bacterial)

  • Big mucus-filled lungs (^RV, ^Reid index = ^airway thickness/airway lumen)
  • Trouble breathing out => FEV1/FVC: ^RR, v pH
  • Die of bronchhiectasis
  • Ex: COPD
  • Tx: Manipulate rate on ventilator, ^RR, ^ expiratory time, ^O2 only if needed
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14
Q

What symptoms does a “more likely to depolarize” state have?

A

Brain: psychosis, seizures, jitteriness
Skeletal Muscle: muscle spasm, tetany
SM: diarrhea, then constipation
Cardiac: tachycardia, arrhytmias

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15
Q

What symptoms does a “less likely to depolarize” state have?

A

Brain: lethargy, mental status changes, depression
Skeletal Muscle: weakness, SOB
SM: constipation, then diarrhea
Cardiac: hypotension, bradycardia

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16
Q

What is humoral immune response?

A

B cells and PMNs patrol the blood looking bacteria

17
Q

What is the cell-mediated immune response?

A

T cells and macrophages patrol the tissues looking for non-bacteria

18
Q

What are macrophages called in each area of the body?

A 
Blood:Monocytes
Brain: microglia
Lung: T1 pneumocytes
Liver: Kupffer cells
Spleen: RES cells
Lymph: Dendritic cells
kidney: Mesangial cells
Payers patches: M cells
Skin: Langerhans
Bone: Osteoclasts

CT:
-Histiocytes
-Giant cells
Epitheloid cells

19
Q

What is the CBC for every vasculitis?

A

v RBC, v platelets, ^WBC, ^T cells, ^ MP and schistocytes, ^ESR

20
Q

What is the time course of the inflammatory response?

A 
1 hr: swelling
day 1: PMNs show up
day 3: PMNs peak
day 4: MP/T cells show up
day 7: MP/T cells peak, fibroblast arrive
day 30: fibroblast peak
Month 3-6: Fibroblast leave
21
Q

What state does estrogen mimic?

A

The neuromuscular disease state (estrogen is a muscle relaxant)

22
Q

What does high GABA levels lead to?

A

Bradycardia, lethargy, constipation, impotence and memory loss

AM PP Clues (8 decks)

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