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AM PP Clues > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Necrosis?

A

Non-programmed cell death = noisy, inflammation, nucleus destroyed first

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2
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death = quiet, no inflammation, nucleus guides it => destroyed last

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3
Q

What is Pyknosis?

A

Nucleus turns into blobs “pick blobs”

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4
Q

What is Karyohexis?

A

Nucleus fragments

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5
Q

What is Karyolysis?

A

Nucleus dissolves

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6
Q

What is somatotrope?

A

GH

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7
Q

What is a Gonadotrope?

A

LH, FSH

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8
Q

What is a Thyrotrope?

A

TSH

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9
Q

What is a Corticotrope?

A

ACTH

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10
Q

What is a Lactotrope?

A

PRL

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11
Q

What receptors do protein hormones use?

A

Cell membrane receptors

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12
Q

What receptors do steroid hormone use?

A

Nuclear membrane receptors

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13
Q

What are the steroid hormones?

A

“PET CAD”

*Thyroid hormone acts like a steroid

Progesterone
E2
Testosterone
Cortisol
Aldo
vit D
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14
Q

What does Endocrine mean?

A

Secretion into blood

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15
Q

What does Exocrine mean?

A

Secretion into non-blood

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16
Q

What is Autocrine?

A

Works on itself

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17
Q

What is Paracrine?

A

Works on its neighbor

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18
Q

What is Merocrine?

A

Cell is maintained => exocytosis

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19
Q

What is Apocrine?

A

Apex of the cell is secreted

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20
Q

What is Holocrine?

A

The whole cell is secreted

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21
Q

What organs do not require insulin?

A

“BRICKLE”

Brain
RBC
Intestine
Cardiac, Cornea
Kidney
Liver
Exercising muscle
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22
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

Stimulates LH, FSH

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23
Q

What does GRH do?

A

Stimulates GH

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24
Q

What does CRH do?

A

Stimulates ACTH

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25
What does TRH do?
Stimulates TSH
26
What does PRH do?
Stimulates PRL
27
What does DA do?
Inhibits PRL
28
What does Somatostatin (SS) do?
Inhibits GH
29
What does ADH do?
Conserves water, vasoconstricts
30
What does oxytocin do?
Milk letdown, baby letdown
31
What does GH do?
IGF-1 release from liver
32
What does TSH do?
T3, T4 release from thyroid
33
What does LH do?
Testosterone release from testis, E2 and Progesterone release from ovary
34
What does FSH do?
Sperm or egg growth
35
What does PRL do?
Milk production
36
What does ACTH do?
Cortisol release from adrenal gland
37
What does MSH do?
Skin pigmentation
38
What are the stress hormones?
``` Epi: immediate Glucagon: 20 min Insulin: 30 min ADH: 30 min Cortisol: 2-4 hr GH: 24hr ```
39
What does ADH do?
Concentrates urine
40
What is Diabetes Insipidus?
Too little ADH => urinate a lot
41
What is Central DI?
Brain not making ADH
42
What is Nephrogenic DI?
Blocks ADH receptor, can be caused by Li and Domecocycline
43
What does the Water Deprivation test tell you?
Water Deprivation => DI | *fails to concentrate urine
44
What does giving DDAVP tell you?
DDAVP => Central DI | concentrate >25%
45
What is SIADH?
Too much ADH => expand plasma volume => pee Na
46
What is the diference between DI and SIADH?
DI has dilute urine, | SIADH has concentrated urine
47
What is Psychogenic Polydipsia?
Pathologic water drinking => low plasma osmolarity
48
What does Aldosterone do?
Reabsorbs Na, secretes H+ /K+
49
What is a Neuroblastoma?
Adrenal medulla tumor in kids, dancing eyes/feet, secretes catecholamines
50
What is a Pheochromocytoma?
Adrenal medulla tumor in adult's, 5P's
51
What does zona glomerulosa make?
Aldosterone "salt"
52
What does Zona Fasiculata make?
Cortisol "sugar"
53
What does Zona Reticularis make?
Androgens "sex"
54
What is Conn's syndrome?
High Aldo (tumor), Captopril test makes it worse
55
What does ANP do?
Inhibits Aldo, dilates renal artery (afferent arteriole)
56
What does Calcitonin do?
Inhibits osteoclasts => low serum Ca+2
57
What is MEN I?
"Wermer's": Pancreas, Pituitary, Parathyroid adenoma (high gastrn) "PPP"
58
What is MEN II?
"Sipple's": Pheo, Medullary thyroid cancer, PTH
59
What is MEN III?
"MEN IIb": Pheo, Medullary thyroid cancer, Oral/GI neuromas
60
What does CCK do?
Gallbladder contraction, bile release
61
What does Cortisol do?
Gluconeogenesis by proteolysis=>thin skin
62
What is Addison's disease?
Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex => hyperpigmentation, ^ACTH
63
What is Waterhouse Friderichsen?
Adrenal Hemorrhage
64
What is Cushings syndrome?
High cortisol (pituitary tumor or adrenal tumor or small cell lung CA)
65
What is Cushing's disease?
High ACTH (pituitary tumor)
66
What is Nelson's syndrome?
Hyperpigmentation after adrenalectomy
67
If the low dose dexamenthasone test suppresses, what does that tell you?
Normal, obese, or depressed
68
If the low dose dexamenthasone test does not suppress, what does that tell you?
Cushing's => do high dose test
69
if the high dose dexamenthasone test suppresses, what does that tell you?
Pituitary tumor=> ACTH (call brain surgeon)
70
if the high-dose dexamenthasone test does not suppress, what does that tell you?
Adrenal adenoma=> Cortisol (call general surgeon) Small cell lung cancer=> ACTH (call thoracic surgeon)
71
What are the survival hormone?
Cortisol: permissive under stress TSH: permissive under normal
72
What does Epinephrine do?
Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis
73
What does Erythropoietin do?
Makes RBCs
74
What does Gastrin do?
Stimulates parietal cells => IF, H+
75
What does Growth Hormone do?
Growth, sends somatomedin to growth plates, gluconeogenesis by proteolysis.
76
What is a Pygmie?
No somatomedin receptors
77
What is Achondroplasia=Laron Dwarf?
Abnormal FGF receptors in extremities
78
What is a Midget?
lower somatomedin receptor sensitivity
79
What is a Acromegaly?
Adult bones stretch "my hat doesn't fit", coarse facial features, large furrowed tongue, deep husky voice, jaw protrussion, ^IGF-1b/c of GH tumor
80
What is Gigantism?
childhood acromegaly
81
What does GIP do?
Enhances insulin action=> post-prandial hypoglycemia
82
What does Glucagon do?
Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, ketogenesis
83
What does Insulin do?
Pushes glucose into cells
84
What is Type I DM?
Anti-islet cell Ab, GAD Ab, Coxsackie B, low insulin, DKA, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
85
What is Type II DM?
Insulin receptor insensitivity, high insulin, HONK coma, acanthosis nigricans
86
How does DKA present?
Kussmaul respirations
87
What is the Dawn phenomenon?
Morning hyperglycemia 2 to GH
88
What is the Somogyi Effect?
Morning hyperglycemia 2o to evening hypoglycemia
89
What is Factitious Hypoglycemia?
Insulin injection (^ insulin, lowers C-peptide)
90
What is an Insulinoma?
Tumor (^insulin, ^Cpeptide)
91
What is Erythrasma?
Rash in skin folds, coral red wood's lamp
92
What is syndrome x= metabolic syndrome?
"Pre DM" => HTN, dyslipedemia, hyperinsulinemia, acanthosis nigricans
93
What are foot ulcer risk factors?
DM/Glycemic control Male smoker Bony abnormalities Previous ulcers
94
What conditions cause weight gain?
``` Obesity Hypothyroidism Depression Cushings Anasarca ```
95
What does Motilin do?
Stimulates segmentation (1o peristalsis, MMC)
96
What does Oxytocin do?
Milk ejection, baby ejection
97
What does PRL do?
Milk production
98
What does PTH do?
Chews up bone
99
What does Vit D do?
Builds bone
100
What do parathyroid chief cells secrete?
PTH
101
What do stomach chief cells secrete?
Pepsin
102
What is the difference between Norepinephrine and Epinephrine?
NE: Neurotransmitter Epi: Hormone
103
What is 1o hyperparathyroidism?
Parathyroid adenoma
104
What is 2o hyperparathyroidism?
Renal failure
105
What is Familial Hypocalciuria Hypercalcemia?
lowers Ca excretion
106
What if both serum Ca and PO4 decrease?
Vit D deficiency
107
What if serum Ca and PO4 change in opposite directions?
PTH problem High Ca => hyper PTH Low Ca=> hypoPTH
108
What is the most common cause of 1o hypoparathyroidism?
Thyroidectomy
109
What is Pseudohypoparathyroidism?
Bad kidney PTH receptor, decreases urinary cAMP
110
What is Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism?
G protein defect no Ca+2 problem
111
What is Hungry Bone syndrome?
Remove PTH -> bone sucks in Ca+2
112
What does Secretin do?
Secretion of bicarb, inibit gastrin, tighten pyloric sphincter
113
What does Somatostatin do?
Inhibits secretin, motilin, CCK
114
What do T3 and T4 do?
Growth, differentiation
115
What disease has Exophthalmos?
Grave's
116
What disease has Enophthalmos?
Horner's
117
What are the Hyperthyroid disease?
``` Grave's DeQuervain's Silent thyroiditis Plummer's Jod-Basedow ```
118
Grave's
Exophthalmos, peritibial myxedema, TSHr Ab
119
DeQuervain's
Viral, painful jaw
120
Silen thyroiditis
Post-partum
121
Plummer's
Benign adenoma, old person
122
Jod-Basedow
Transient hyperthyroidism due to ^ I
123
What are the Hypothyroid disease?
``` Hashimotos Reidel Struma Cretin Euthyroid sick syndrome Wolff-Chaikoff ```
124
Hashimoto's
Antimicrosomal Ab=TPO Ab
125
Reidel's struma
Woody neck
126
Cretin
Freaky features, hypothyroid Mom and Baby
127
Euthyroid sick syndrome
Low T3, syndrome
128
Wolff-Chaikoff
Transient hypothyroidism
129
What is Plummer's syndrome?
Hyperthyroid adenoma
130
What is Plummer-Vinson syndrome?
Esophageal webs
131
What does Testosterone do?
Makes external male genitalia
132
What does Mullerian Inhibiting Factor do?
Makes internal male genitalia
133
What do TPO and Thymosin do?
Help T cells mature
134
What does VIP do?
Inhibits secretin, motilin, CCK
135
How doesa VIPoma present?
Watery diarrhea
136
How does a SSoma present?
Constipation
137
What are the hormones with disulfide bonds?
"PIGI" PRL Insulin GH Inhibin
138
Which hormones have the same alpha subunits?
LH, FSH TSH B-HCG
139
What hormones produce acidophils?
"GAP" GH PRL
140
What hormonones produce basophils?
"B FLAT" FSH LH ACTH TSH
141
Signaling Pathway of cAMP
FLAT ChAMP FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2 receptor), MSH, PTH, calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon
142
Signaling Pathway of cGMP
* Think Vasodilators* ANP, BNP, NO (EDRF)
143
Signaling Pathway of IP3
GOAT HAG GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH, (v1 receptor), TRH, Histamine (H1 receptor), Angiotensin II, Gastrin, Vasopressin?*
144
Signaling Pathway of Intracellular receptor (steroid receptor)
VETTT CAP Vit D, Estrogen, Testosterone, T3/T4, Cortisol, Aldosterone, Progesterone
145
Signaling Pathway Intrinsic tyrosine kinase
MAP kinase pathway (think growth factors) Insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF, EGF
146
Signaling pathways of Receptor associated tyrosine kinase
JAK/STAT pathway (Think acidophils and cytokines) PIGGLET Prolactin, Immunomodulators (e.g. cytokines Il2, IL 6, IFN), GH, G-CSF, Erytropoietin, Thromobopoietin

AM PP Clues (8 decks)

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