Macros Flashcards
Monosaccharides
Glucose-predominant sugar Fructose- fruit/ sweetest Galactose- lactose (milk) - maltose, sucrose(glucose +fructose) (table) Mono usually joined into di/olgi/poly
Types of Sucrose
- Raw, granulated, brown, powdered (all sucrose)
- Honey is natural sucrose (mix of fruc/gluc/suc)
- corn sweeteners (corn syrup) glucose w/ maltose
- sorbitol- glucose natural is some berries, lower GI than sugar
Insoluble fiber
-low viscosity
-Cellulose (whole wheat, bran, vege)
-hemicellulose (whole grain, bran)
-lignin (vege, wheat, fruit w/ edible seeds)
-increase fecal bulk, laxative effect
25-35g needed
Non caloric sweeteners
-Calorie free because body cant metabolize
-Aspartame- equal, nutrasweet
-AcesulfameK- sunnet, sweetone
Saccharin
-Sucralose-Splenda
-neotame
-stevia- natural sugar-30x more sweet, no affect on blood sugar
(all approved in US, cancer study disproved
Oligo and poly
-Oligo-3-10 simple sugars
- fructooligo - mostly indigestible, may relieve constipation, improve tri levels
Polysac- long chain sugar molecule
- glycogen- animal based
- starch- plant based
> only poly fully digestible
Glycemic index
- Ranks carbs based on blood glucose response
- high = fast, low = slow
Glycogen
Starch
-Most glycogen depleted before meat enters food supply
-starch - amylase small linear chain
amylopectin
> take longer to digest
- cellulose, hemi, lignin, guns, pectin
> indigestible fibers
Fiber
- Dietary fiber- naturally in plant
- functional fiber- isolated fibers added to food products
- ‘total fiber’
Soluble fiber
High viscosity fiber
- gum (oats, legumes, barley)
- pectin (apples, citrus, strawberry, carrot)
- psyllium seeds
- slow gastric emptying (from stomach to intestine)
- increase fullness, slow sugar release
- interferes w/ absorption fat + cholesterol (binds to and excretes)
Metabolism and storage
- glucose > cell > O2 + H2O = release ATP
Or - carb/glucose > liver+muscle as glycogen (90g stored liver, 150g+ in muscle. Can increase 5x with training.)
- excess carbs turn to fat over time
Fat
Healthy
Function
Bad
- Mono and poly = healthy
- insulation, cell structure, nerve transmission, vitamin absorption, hormone production
- saturated + trans fat - clog arteries, cardiac/stroke
Fat structure
Fatty acid
Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen
- insoluble in water
Long hydrogen chains w/ even # carbons varying saturation of hydrogen
Saturated fat
- Solid at room temp
- Very stable
- red meat, full fat dairy, tropical oils (coconut)
- LDL- bad cholesterol
- no dbl bond between carbons
Unsaturated fatty acids
- 1 or more double bonds
- liquid at room temp, unstable, susceptible to oxidative damage w/ short lifespan
Monounsat fatty acids
Polyunsat fatty acids
- 1 dbl bond
- HDL- good cholesterol breaks down plaque buildup
- olive, canola, peanut oils
-polyunsat
2+ dbl bonds
- corn, safflower, soybean oils, cold water fish