MACRONUTRIENTS

Question 1

Wild Animal

Answer 1

• undomesticated
• not living under human control
• untamed

Question 2

Domesticated Animal

Answer 2

• direct ancestors have undergone a domestication process

- managed by humans

Question 3

Domestication

Answer 3

evolutionary process during which humans establish control over:
- living space
- care and welfare
- selection of mating partners
- reproduction
- diet
throughout domestication, the species is genetically altered from its wild ancestral form

Question 4

tame animal

Answer 4

an animal that has been familiarized with humans so as to be tractable (easy to control/influence)

can apply to ‘wild’ or ‘undomesticated’ animals

Question 5

feral animal

Answer 5

an animal that lives in the wild state, but whose ancestors have undergone a domestication process

Question 6

Nutrition Definition

Answer 6

the process whereby an animal obtains and utilizes portions of its external environment (food) for the continued functioning of its metabolism

Question 7

what is food?

Answer 7

• nutrients (one or more nutrient groups
• non-nutritive components
• energy

Question 8

Nutrients

Answer 8

organic and inorganic chemical compounds used by an animal to support maintenance, growth and reproduction

Question 9

nutrient groups

Answer 9

1. water
2. carbohydrates
3. proteins
4. lipids
5. vitamins
6. minerals
   food items can contain only a single nutrient group or can contain any number of nutrient groups

Question 10

Energy yielding nutrient groups

Answer 10

carbs, lipids and proteins

Question 11

organic nutrients

Answer 11

carbon-containing structures

- carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins

Question 12

inorganic nutrients

Answer 12

no carbon in them

- water and minerals

Question 13

free water

Answer 13

drinking water

ponds, rivers, lakes and puddles

Question 14

Dietary water

Answer 14

water in food
fresh grass ~75% water
lean tissue/meat ~70% water

Question 15

metabolic water

Answer 15

when energy-yielding nutrients are broken down via oxidation
oxidation results in the production of water CO2 and energy (ATP)

Question 16

Carbohydrates

Answer 16

monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

Question 17

plant-based polysaccharides

Answer 17

1. starch (energy storage- long term)
2. cellulose - cell wall structural component
3. hemicellulose - cell wall structural component
4. pectin - cell wall structural component

Question 18

Animal-based polysaccharides

Answer 18

glycogen storage- energy storage short term

chitin

Question 19

Protein

Answer 19

macromolecule composed of 1+ polypeptide chains

Question 20

amino acids

Answer 20

required for:

• building and maintaining tissue (muscle, bone, skin, hair, hooves, feathers)
• synthesizing enzymes
• synthesizing blood constituents
• synthesizing hormones
• synthesizing secondary metabolites
• yielding energy

Question 21

Essential Amino Acids

Answer 21

cannot be synthesized at all by the animal OR cannot be synthesized in sufficient enough quantities to meet requirements
therefore
these nutrients must be present in the diet

phenylalanine
histidine
isoleucine
leucine
lysine
methionine
threonine
valine
arginine
tryptophan

Question 22

Lipids

Answer 22

hydrophobic biomolecule

• comprised of :
  - fatty acids
  
  • waxes
  • sterols

Question 23

Fatty Acids Melting Points

Answer 23

double bonds= decrease melting point

cis double bonds= decrease melting point

carbon chain length= increases the melting point

odd-number carbon chain= =increases melting point

Question 24

Essential Fatty Acids

Answer 24

most mammals can synthesize saturated fatty acids
most mammals can elongate and desaturate fatty acids for PUFAs
most mammals require in the diet:
- linoleic acid
- alpha-linoleic acid
- arachidonic acid