Energy For Activity

Question 1

Daily Energy Expenditure

Answer 1

DEE = BMR + metabolic heat production+ physical activity

energy used to support essential body functions and physical activity

Question 2

Standing

Answer 2

mammals ~20% more energy expended vs lying
- exception of equids and elephants- locking mechanism in knees

birds: 5-30% more energy expended vs sitting
- exception - flamingoes

Question 3

Walking and Running

Answer 3

energy expenditure increases linearly with speed
energy cost is greater for animals (kcal/kg/hr)

accounts for 0.5-4% of DEE

horizontal locomotion energy expenditure = 2.5 BW^-0.316 kcal/kg/km

exception: penguins and waterfowl = 5.57 x BW^-0.327
- waddling can require a lot of energy
- tobogganing will not use much energy

Migration and locomotion through snow will be energy demanding

Question 4

Foot Loading

Answer 4

(body weight to surface area of foot ratio)

critical role in energy cost of moving in snow
- large feet + small BW = energy efficient

Question 5

Climbing

Answer 5

10X more energy demanding than horizontal movement
energy demands increase with increase in degree of slope

going down uses more energy than going up

Question 6

Burrowing

Answer 6

30X more energy demanding than horizontal movement 
but burrowing provides: 
- access to food
- protection from predators
- stable thermal environment

Question 7

Flying

Answer 7

energy required for gliding flight = 3.4 xBMR
- large wingspan

energy required for active flight ( large wings relative to body size) = 3.4-6.4 x BMR

energy require for active flight (small wings relative to body size) = up to 14x BMR

energy costs are high per unit time but low per unit distance

Question 8

Swimming

Answer 8

most efficient swimming speeds = 2x BMR

less energy per unit of distance than running our flying

surface swimming is less efficient than fully submerged - surface water is turbulent

Question 9

Brachiation

Answer 9

swinging using arms
- energy cost = ~1.5 terrestrial locomotion (walking)
hanging (not moving) = ~65% more energy than laying