Macromolecules Lab (2) Flashcards
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
primary energy source bc it breaks down into sugars(glucose)
monossacharides- single sugar
ex:glucose,fructose,galactose
dissacharides- two monossacharides covalently bonded
ex:glucose+glucose=lactose
Cellulose is a glucose polymer that is composed of beta glucose and plants break down
Glycosidic bonds- covalent bonds btw single sugars
Proteins
composed of amino acids
peptide bonds btwn the amino acids
have a carboxyl group, alpha-carbon group,amino group, and R group
R groups make each individual protein different
Functions of Proteins in the Cell
Enzymes Protein Defensive Protein Storage Protein Transport Protein Hormonal Protein Receptor Protein Structure Protein
Primary Structure of Proteins
linear list of amino acids
Secondary Structure of Proteins
interactions among amino and carboxyl group
dependent on hydrogen bonds
from alpha helix and beta pleated sheet structures
Tertiary Structure of Proteins
formed when secondary structures are twisted and folded
held together by H+ bonds
need to get to this structure to be functioning proteins
Quaternary Structure of Proteins
structure comes together (multiple proteins) composed of two or more polypeptide chains
it is a functioning protein
Denaturation
loss of 3 dimensional structure of protein
result in lack of function
destruction of H+ bonds from 2nd,3rd,4th structure
Nucleic Acids
made up of nucleotides
used for DNA/RNA
Lipids
insoluble in water (hydrophobic)
stored energy
made up of fatty acids
triglycerides: made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Saturated Fats
solid at room temperature
every carbon has a hydrogen(no carbon double bonds)
Unsaturated Fats
liquid at room temperature
carbon double bonds present
What is Lab Activity 1 testing for?
Reducing Sugars which are monossacharides that have aldehyde or ketane groups in linear forms
donate electrons to Cu+2(copper) which is found in Benedicts Solution
Benedict Solution
test for reducing sugars by formation of red colored Cuprous Oxide(Cu2O) precipitate
if no sugar present then solution stays blue (og color)
Benedict Solution-Reducing Sugar Results Glucose Fructose Sucrose Lactose Galactose MIlk Rice
Results: Glucose- orange precipitate = yes reducing sugar Fructose- yellow/orange precipitate= yes reducing sugar Sucrose- blue= no reducing sugar Lactose- orange= yes reducing sugar Galactose-orange/red= yes reducing sugar Milk-orange/red= yes reducing sugar Rise- olive green= no reducing sugar
Procedures of Benedict Solution
add 1ml of substance to test tube, 1ml of benedict solution, and then incubate in boiling waterbath set for 95C for 5 minutes `
What is Lab Activity 2 testing for?
Starches which are polymers of glucose that serve as an energy source
Iodine Test (IKI Solution)
detects starch in a solution by causing a blue-black coloration
help distinguish between monosacharides, & polyssacharides
Procedures for Iodine Test
add 2ml of test substance in test tube, then add 2 drops of IKI solution, mix the tube and observe if color changes
Results of Iodine Test- Starch Results Potato Extract Corn Starch Rice Milk Wheat Flour Sucrose Glucose
Results: P.E- dark purple= yes starch C.S- black= yes starch Rice- black= yes starch Milk- yellow= no starch W.F- black= yes starch Sucrose- red= no starch Glucose- red= no starch
What is Lab Activity 3 testing for?
testing for proteins
Biuret Test
amino groups will complex with Cu2+ ions
the protein/copper will create and change the solution into a blue-purple coloration to identify protein
Procedures of Biuret Test
add 1ml of test solution to test tubes, add 2ml of biuret test solution, observe color change
