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BIO LAB > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Glycolysis
Kreb Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

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2
Q

Yeast

A

able to use sucrose as a substrate

uses glucose as energy source

unable to use lactose as a substrate because yeast doesnt have the enzyme lactase to degrade lactose

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3
Q

What sugars were yeast able to fermentate?

A 
sucrose 
glucose 
glucose-Mg
glucose-F
glucose-citrate-F
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4
Q

What sugars were yeast not able to fermentate?

A

lactose

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5
Q

Magnesium

A

serves as a cofactor for glycolytic enzymes because its an activator of glycolysis

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6
Q

Glycolytic enzymes that are cofactors

A 
pyruvate kinse 
phosphoglycerokinase 
phosphofuctokinase 
enolase 
hexokinase 
glyceldehyde 
phosphatedehydrogenase
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7
Q

Flouride

A

it is an inhibitor of glycolysis

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8
Q

Azide

A

it is an inhibitor of glycolysis because it interfers with CO2 production in yeast

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9
Q

Enzymes that are inhibitors of glycolysis

A 
phosphofuctokinase 
phosphoglycerokinase 
pyruvate kinase
hexokinase 
glyceraldehyde phosphate 
dehydrogenase 
enolase
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10
Q

what is the wavelength of violet

A

400-420

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11
Q

what is the wavelength of blue

A

440-480

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12
Q

what is the wavelength of green

A

500-560

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13
Q

what is the wavelength of yellow

A

580

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14
Q

what is the wavelength of orange

A

600-620

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15
Q

what is the wavelength of red

A

640-700

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16
Q

Prophase

A

nuclear envelope dissipates and mitotic spindle forms

microtubules attach in two locations in the plasma membrane anchored by cell wall

microtubules are anchored to the organelles known as centrosomes

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17
Q

Prometaphase

A

kinetochore microtubules attach to the replicated chromosomes and starts to move to the chromosomes towards the center of cell

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18
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate of cell

each chromosome have two kinetochore microtubules attached to centromeres

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19
Q

Anaphase

A

checkpoint

two sister chromatids of each chromosome must split apart and move toward each spindle formation

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20
Q

Telophase

A

final phase of karyokinesis

chromosomes has moved to either end of the cell

nuclear envelope will form around each set of chromosomes

21
Q

In Meiosis where does DNA Replication take place?

A

S phase

22
Q

In Meiosis where are the centrioles replicated?

A

Prophase 2

23
Q

In Meiosis where does crossing over and synapsis occur?

A

Prophase 1

24
Q

In Meiosis where does the alignment of homologues occur?

A

Metaphase 1 in the metaphase plate

25
Q

In Meiosis where does reduction division occur?

A

Anaphase 1

26
Q

In Meiosis where does separation of sister chromatids occur?

A

Anaphase 2

27
Q

Dominant

A

it is the allele that is fully expressed in a phenotype

28
Q

Recessive

A

allele that is not expressed in heterozygote and has to be a homozygous recessive to be expressed

29
Q

Codominant

A

both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism

ex: AB blood type and cows lol

30
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

neither allele given from the parents are dominant and a third phenotype is shown
ex: pink flower from red and white flower parents (its a mix)

31
Q

Allele

A

possible variant for a particular trait

32
Q

Locus

A

location of a gene on a chromosome

33
Q

P Generations

A

parent generation

34
Q

F1 Generations

A

offspring of P generation

35
Q

F2 Generations

A

offspring of F1 generation

36
Q

Genotype

A

genetic makeup of chromosomes

37
Q

Phenotype

A

outward appearance based on the genotype

38
Q

Rule of Multiplication

A

probability of two independent events both occurring is the multiplication of their individual probabilities

39
Q

Rule of Addition

A

probability that an event can occur in two or more different ways is the sum of the separate probabilities

40
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

as long as genes are not on the same chromosomes they will assort independently (align randomly on the metaphase plate)

41
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

an insertion or deletion of a base that changes the entire reading frame for translation

42
Q

Point mutation

A

results in a change of a single codon– like base substitution

43
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

a codon that specifies an amino acid is changed to a stop codon, and translation is prematurely terminated– significant alteration in protein function

44
Q

Missense mutation

A

due to a single base change which results in a change in the amino acid coded for

the amino acid is in a location on the protein that does not result in altered structure or function

also called neutral mutation

45
Q

Forms of Aneuploidy in human population

A

Downs Syndrome
Pataus Syndrome
Edwards Syndrome

46
Q

Excision repair mechanism of DNA repair

A

damaged bases are cut out within a string of nucleotides and replaced with DNA as directed by the undamaged template strands

47
Q

Mismatch repair mechanism of DNA repair

A

process that corrects mismatched nucleotides in the otherwise complementary paired DNA strands arising from DNA replication errors and recombination

48
Q

Silent mutation

A

a point mutation due to a base substitution in DNA – results in no change in the resulting protein

BIO LAB (7 decks)

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