FINAL

Question 1

Cellular Respiration

Answer 1

Glycolysis
Kreb Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

Question 2

Yeast

Answer 2

able to use sucrose as a substrate

uses glucose as energy source

unable to use lactose as a substrate because yeast doesnt have the enzyme lactase to degrade lactose

Question 3

What sugars were yeast able to fermentate?

Answer 3

sucrose 
glucose 
glucose-Mg
glucose-F
glucose-citrate-F

Question 4

What sugars were yeast not able to fermentate?

Answer 4

lactose

Question 5

Magnesium

Answer 5

serves as a cofactor for glycolytic enzymes because its an activator of glycolysis

Question 6

Glycolytic enzymes that are cofactors

Answer 6

pyruvate kinse 
phosphoglycerokinase 
phosphofuctokinase 
enolase 
hexokinase 
glyceldehyde 
phosphatedehydrogenase

Question 7

Flouride

Answer 7

it is an inhibitor of glycolysis

Question 8

Azide

Answer 8

it is an inhibitor of glycolysis because it interfers with CO2 production in yeast

Question 9

Enzymes that are inhibitors of glycolysis

Answer 9

phosphofuctokinase 
phosphoglycerokinase 
pyruvate kinase
hexokinase 
glyceraldehyde phosphate 
dehydrogenase 
enolase

Question 10

what is the wavelength of violet

Answer 10

400-420

Question 11

what is the wavelength of blue

Answer 11

440-480

Question 12

what is the wavelength of green

Answer 12

500-560

Question 13

what is the wavelength of yellow

Answer 13

580

Question 14

what is the wavelength of orange

Answer 14

600-620

Question 15

what is the wavelength of red

Answer 15

640-700

Question 16

Prophase

Answer 16

nuclear envelope dissipates and mitotic spindle forms

microtubules attach in two locations in the plasma membrane anchored by cell wall

microtubules are anchored to the organelles known as centrosomes

Question 17

Prometaphase

Answer 17

kinetochore microtubules attach to the replicated chromosomes and starts to move to the chromosomes towards the center of cell

Question 18

Metaphase

Answer 18

chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate of cell

each chromosome have two kinetochore microtubules attached to centromeres

Question 19

Anaphase

Answer 19

checkpoint

two sister chromatids of each chromosome must split apart and move toward each spindle formation

Question 20

Telophase

Answer 20

final phase of karyokinesis

chromosomes has moved to either end of the cell

nuclear envelope will form around each set of chromosomes

Question 21

In Meiosis where does DNA Replication take place?

Answer 21

S phase

Question 22

In Meiosis where are the centrioles replicated?

Answer 22

Prophase 2

Question 23

In Meiosis where does crossing over and synapsis occur?

Answer 23

Prophase 1

Question 24

In Meiosis where does the alignment of homologues occur?

Answer 24

Metaphase 1 in the metaphase plate

Question 25

In Meiosis where does reduction division occur?

Answer 25

Anaphase 1

Question 26

In Meiosis where does separation of sister chromatids occur?

Answer 26

Anaphase 2

Question 27

Dominant

Answer 27

it is the allele that is fully expressed in a phenotype

Question 28

Recessive

Answer 28

allele that is not expressed in heterozygote and has to be a homozygous recessive to be expressed

Question 29

Codominant

Answer 29

both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism | ex: AB blood type and cows lol

Question 30

Incomplete dominance

Answer 30

neither allele given from the parents are dominant and a third phenotype is shown ex: pink flower from red and white flower parents (its a mix)

Question 31

Allele

Answer 31

possible variant for a particular trait

Question 32

Locus

Answer 32

location of a gene on a chromosome

Question 33

P Generations

Answer 33

parent generation

Question 34

F1 Generations

Answer 34

offspring of P generation

Question 35

F2 Generations

Answer 35

offspring of F1 generation

Question 36

Genotype

Answer 36

genetic makeup of chromosomes

Question 37

Phenotype

Answer 37

outward appearance based on the genotype

Question 38

Rule of Multiplication

Answer 38

probability of two independent events both occurring is the multiplication of their individual probabilities

Question 39

Rule of Addition

Answer 39

probability that an event can occur in two or more different ways is the sum of the separate probabilities

Question 40

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 40

as long as genes are not on the same chromosomes they will assort independently (align randomly on the metaphase plate)

Question 41

Frameshift mutation

Answer 41

an insertion or deletion of a base that changes the entire reading frame for translation

Question 42

Point mutation

Answer 42

results in a change of a single codon-- like base substitution

Question 43

Nonsense mutation

Answer 43

a codon that specifies an amino acid is changed to a stop codon, and translation is prematurely terminated-- significant alteration in protein function

Question 44

Missense mutation

Answer 44

due to a single base change which results in a change in the amino acid coded for the amino acid is in a location on the protein that does not result in altered structure or function also called neutral mutation

Question 45

Forms of Aneuploidy in human population

Answer 45

Downs Syndrome Pataus Syndrome Edwards Syndrome

Question 46

Excision repair mechanism of DNA repair

Answer 46

damaged bases are cut out within a string of nucleotides and replaced with DNA as directed by the undamaged template strands

Question 47

Mismatch repair mechanism of DNA repair

Answer 47

process that corrects mismatched nucleotides in the otherwise complementary paired DNA strands arising from DNA replication errors and recombination

Question 48

Silent mutation

Answer 48

a point mutation due to a base substitution in DNA -- results in no change in the resulting protein