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BIOLOGY 1210 > Macromolecules: Carbs + Lipids > Flashcards

Macromolecules: Carbs + Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

what are macromolecules? what are the four types?

A

Large biologically important organic molecules

  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Nucleic acids
  4. Proteins
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2
Q

what is a polymer?

A

a long chain-like molecule consisting of many similar/identical subunits (monomers) linked by covalent bonds

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3
Q

what is a monomer?

A

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

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4
Q

does each type of macromolecule have the same or different monomer? how does the breakdown/synthesis of polmers differ?

A
  • different
    -Chemical mechanism of making and breaking
    polymers is the same
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5
Q

how are polymers made, what is this reaction called? does it require energy?

A

Dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction)

  • Monomers are covalently bonded (two of the same molecules) through the loss of a water molecule
  • Requires energy; typically involves an enzyme
  • ie. water removed, new bond formed
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6
Q

how do polymers breakdown, what is this called? does it require energy?

A

hydrolysis

  • Bond between monomers broken by addition of water
  • no, typically results in the release of energy
  • ie. water added, bond broken
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7
Q

what is a carbohydrate monomer called? 2 monomers called? a polymer called?
what holds 2+ monomers together?

A
  • monosaccharides
  • Disaccharide
  • Polysaccharides
  • covalent bonds formed by a dehydration reaction
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8
Q

what are monosaccharides? what is their general formula? what is an exxample of a simple sugar?

A
  • simple sugars
  • CH2O
  • eg. ribose, deoxyribose, glucose
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9
Q

what are the 2 main functions of simple sugars?

A
  • major source of energy in a cell

- raw material for synthesis of other organic molecules

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10
Q

structure of a sugar:

  1. how many carbons in length are sugars?
  2. what is the structure of atoms/ions attached to carbons (functional groups bound to carbons)
  3. how is it drawn?
A
  1. range from 3 - 6 carbons in length
  2. One of the carbon atoms has a carbonyl bound to
    it -> C=O
    -the other carbons have hydroxyls bound to them –> -OH
  3. Can be drawn in linear form or ring form
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11
Q

what 2 functions can polysaccharides have?

A
  1. storage molecules (store energy)

2. building material

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12
Q

what polymers do plants store energy in? what polymers do animals store energy in?
what is the disadvantage/advantage of these polymers?

A

plants -> starch
-disadvantage: heavy, stored in roots
animals -> glycogen
-advantage: much light than starch, for better for organisms that are motile

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13
Q

what shape are storage polysaccharides? why? what is the advantage of this shape?

A

helical

  • because glucose monomers all in same orientation
  • advantage of being helical: they take up less space because they squish, so maximizes space for energy storage
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14
Q

what is a structural polysaccharide, what is it used for?

A

Cellulose polymer

-used to build plant cell walls

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15
Q

what shape are structural polysaccharides? why? what is the advantage of this shape?

A

linear

  • because glucose monomers alternate their position in respect to neighboring monomers
  • advantage is that it is stronger and more rigid
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16
Q

what does the orientation of glucose monomers in a polymer change?

A

changes the structure and function of the polymer

17
Q

what polysaccharide is present in the exoskeleton of

arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi? how is it similar to cellulose?

A

chitin

-Similar to cellulose in its struicture, except that the glucose monomer also has a nitrogen-containing group

18
Q

lipids are :
hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
what kind of bonds are lipids composed of?
what 2 element are they primarily composed of?

A

hydrophobic

  • hydrocarbon regions (typically the majority) are composed of nonpolar covalent bonds (nonpolar regions); while additional molecules are often polar bonds
  • carbon and hydrogen
19
Q

what are hydrocarbons?

A

is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon

20
Q

hydrocarbons/hydrocarbon regions are: polar/nonpolar?

A

nonpolar!

21
Q

are lipids polymers?

A

lipids are large biological molecules but not polymers

22
Q

what are 3 biologically important types of lipids?

A
  1. Fats
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids
23
Q

what is a fatty acid? how many carbons does it contain? is is mostly polar or nonpolar?

A

long carbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end

  • 16 - 18 carbons
  • typically mostly nonpolar
24
Q

what are fats made of? what kind of bond/how are the components bonded?

A

Composed of glycerol and fatty acids
-covalent bond between glycerol and fatty acid, achieved by removal of water molecule between them
(the OH of the carboxyl of the fatty acid bonds with an H of an OH of the glycerol)

25
Q

what are fat molecules made of? what are they called?

A

triglyceride
1 glycerol
3 fatty acids

26
Q

what are saturated fats? are they solid or liquid at room temperature, why? give example

A
  • fats that have fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms, meaning all carbons sharing one pair of electrons
  • solid; because fat molecules are able to pack tightly together because of their shape
  • eg butter, cheese, most animal fats
27
Q

what are unsaturated fats? are they liquid or solid at room temperature? give example

A
  • fats that have fatty acids that have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
  • Liquid; because double bonds cause a kink in the hydrocarbon chain, meaning fat molecules can not pack as tightly together, also can change shapely continuously
  • Most plant and fish fats are unsaturated
28
Q

what are fats used for? why? especially for what organisms?

A

used for energy storage
-because more compact form of energy storage than
carbohydrates
-especially for organisms that move because it is more light and compact

29
Q

what are phospholipids composed of?

A

glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate

30
Q

in a phospholipid
the tails are:
are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic, why?
the heads are:
are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic, why?

A

tails: Hydrocarbon fatty acids
- hydrophobic, because they are made of nonpolar bonds btw atoms
heads: Phosphate
- hydrophilic because they are made of polar bonds btw atoms

31
Q

what are phospholipids a major components of? how are they arranged?

A

cell membranes
-composed of a bilayer of phospholipids
-Hydrophilic heads on outside of bilayer interacting
with water
-Hydrophobic tails on inside of bilayer, away from
the water

32
Q

what are steroids? give an example of a steroid and what is does

A

Lipids with carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings
-choletesterol - part of cell membranes and precursor
to many hormones -> fits in between phospholipids

BIOLOGY 1210 (26 decks)

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