Energy and ATP

Question 1

what is energy? what is it used to do? what is the 1st law of thermodynamics?

Answer 1

energy –> the capacity to cause change
energy can be used to do work
-energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

Question 2

how does a molecule possess energy? which molecules possess more energy?

Answer 2

because of the arrangement of their atoms
-more complex molecules store more energy
-energy is contained in the chemical bonds that hold
organic molecules together

Question 3

how do spontaneous reactions occur? what do they increase? what kind of molecules might this occur in?

Answer 3

they occur without a net input of energy –> “naturally occurring”

• eg. rust on metal car
• increase disorder.
• complex molecules that break down into smaller molecules

Question 4

what are non-spontaneous reactions?

Answer 4

reactions that require an external force

Question 5

Catabolic reactions:

1. is it exer/endergonic? what does this mean?
2. what kind of metabolic pathway is this found in?
3. do they increase/decrease disorder? why?

Answer 5

1. exergonic reaction –> Energy is released during these reactions (less energy is required to break original bond than is released when new ones form)
2. found in metabolic pathways that BREAK DOWN complex organic molecules into simpler molecules
3. these increase disorder, because they’re producing more products
   - difference between amounts of energy stored in molecules of different complexity –> results in excess energy

Question 6

Anabolic reactions:

1. is it exer/endergonic? what does this mean?
2. what kind of metabolic pathway is this found in?

Answer 6

1. endergonic reactions –> Energy is consumed during these reactions, because they are non-spontaneous (more energy required to break bonds than is released when new bonds are formed) (Require energy because they decrease disorder)
2. found in metabolic pathways that BUILD complex organic molecules out of simpler molecules
3. decrease disorder –> because they’re resulting in fewer products
   - difference between amounts of energy stored in molecules of different complexity –> results in lack of energy

Question 7

how can catabolic and anabolic reactions work together?

Answer 7

Energy released during catabolic reactions can be
stored and used to drive energy requiring anabolic
reactions

Question 8

what is a metabolic pathway? what is needed throughout the pathway? are these anabolic or catabolic reactions?

Answer 8

-a series of steps found in biochemical reactions that begins with specific molecules or substrates, such as sugar, and then converts them in a series of defined reactions into different specific product(s).
-Each step in the pathway is catalyzed by a specific
enzyme
-can be either

Question 9

what is ATP? what does it do?

Answer 9

-adenosine triphosphate
ATP is a molecule that stores energy released during energy releasing catabolic reactions –> this energy is then used to drive energy requiring anabolic reactions

Question 10

what are the structural components of ATP?

Answer 10

• 3 phosphate groups
• 1 5-carbon sugar (ribose)
• 1 nitrogenous base (adenine)

Question 11

how does energy come from ATP?

Answer 11

• by breaking the bonds between the phosphate groups
  1. ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
  2. “add water” –> ATP is hydrolyzed
  3. results in : P(i) (an inorganic phosphate) + ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + energy (breaking down a complex molecule into a less complex molecule)

Question 12

after ATP is hydrolyzed, what happens to the P(i) (inorganic phosphate)? what does this result in?

Answer 12

• transferred to another molecule
• this transfer = a transfer of energy
• results in the recipient of P(i) becoming phosphorylated

Question 13

Phosphorylated molecules are … than the original unphosphorylated molecule.
what does this mean?

Answer 13

more reactive

-its means that phosphorylated molecules are less stable (as they are more reactive)

Question 14

how is ATP regenerated? what kind of reaction is this, why?

Answer 14

• by the addition of a P(i) to ADP

- endergonic reaction –> because this is an energy requiring reaction

Question 15

what is the cycle of ATP production?

Answer 15

ATP + H2O –> energy released –> ADP + P(i) –> energy absorbed –> ATP

Question 16

what is phosphorylation? what does it require?

Answer 16

A biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound
requires energy

Question 17

what is an oxidation reaction?

Answer 17

is a chemical reaction that results in the loss of electrons = loss of energy

• becomes more simple, loses hydrogen atoms
• C6H12O6 → 6 CO2 → becomes oxidized

Question 18

what is a reduction reaction?

Answer 18

is a chemical reaction that results in the gain of electrons = gain of energy

• 6 O2 → 6 H2O → becomes reduced
• becomes more complex by gaining hydrogen atoms

Question 19

what happens to electrons in cellular respiration? what is the result?

Answer 19

go from a higher energy state to a lower energy state

-results in energy being released during this ‘fall’ to a lower energy state which is used to synthesize ATP

Question 20

what kind of process is the breakdown of organic molecules? what is required to get this started? what happens after this?

Answer 20

• a spontaneous energy releasing process
• activation energy
• Once this energy barrier is overcome organic molecules are oxidized in a series of energy releasing steps

Question 21

what is happening big picture, vs in molecules in regards to energy?

Answer 21

big picture:
in a spontaneous reaction –> energy is released this is a exergonic reaction
-the molecules go through oxidization (which releases said energy along the way) but results in loss of electrons and loss of energy (loss of hydrogen atoms) in the molecules involved in the reaction