Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOLOGY 1210 > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 2 electron carriers, what do they do? what do they turn into? where do they go?

A

NAD+ and FAD

  • pick up electrons from the organic molecules that are being oxidized
  • Become reduced (addition of electrons and hydrogen atoms) –> NADH and FADH2
  • Drop off electrons at electron transport chain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which is the oxidized vs reduced forms of the electron carriers? which is high/low energy?

A 
NAD+ and FAD:
-lower energy molecules
-oxidized forms
NADH and FADH2
-higher energy molecules
-reduced forms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do NADH and FADH2 store?

A

store energy that will eventually be used to synthesize ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the components of the mitochondria?

A
  1. smooth outer membrane
  2. highly folded inner membrane
  3. Space between membranes
  4. Matrix in center
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 3 main stages of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric Acid Cycle
  3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the original molecules and product molecules of cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q 
Glycolysis:
1. what step is it?
2. where does it occur?
3. input(s):
4. output(s):
summary:
A
  1. 1st step in cellular respiration
  2. happens outside of mitochondria in cytoplasm
  3. glucose C6H12O6 (6-carbon sugar)
  4. 2X pyruvate (3-carbon molecules)
    2X ATP (energy released from reaction
    2X NADH (reduced NAH+ ie. carrying high energy electrons)

summary: breaks glucose into 2 3-carbon
molecules, some ATP produced, NAD+ reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where is most of the energy contained after glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate still contains most of the energy from the

original glucose molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the 2 phases of glycolysis?

A
  1. Energy Investment phase

2. energy payoff phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what happens during the first phase of glycolysis?

A
  • energy from 2 ATP are added to activate glucose (For each molecule of glucose, two molecules of ATP are hydrolyzed (water added to in order to make ADP + P(i) which transfers energy) to provide energy to drive the early steps)
  • glucose splits into 2X 3-carbon pyruvate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what happens during the 2nd phase of glycolysis?

A

2 NADH and 4 ATP produced

-but because of initial investment during the 1st phase, net ATP = 2 (4-2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what “mini” stage happens between the 1st and 2nd main stages of cellular respiration? what occurs?

A 
Oxidation of Pyruvate 
-first the pyruvate enters the mitochondria via active transport
-input: 2X 3-carbon pyruvate
-Output: 2X 2-carbon acetate
2X CO2 molecule
2X NADH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q 
The Citric Acid Cycle
1. what step is it, what is it also known as?
2. where does it occur?
3. input(s):
4. output(s):
summary:
A
  1. 2nd. Krebs cycle
  2. mitochondrial matrix
  3. Input: 2X 2-carbon acetate
  4. Output: 2X (2x CO2) = 4X CO2
    2X ATP
    2X (3x NADH) = 6X NADH (carrying pair of high energy electrons)
    2X FADH2

summary: breaks down organic molecule to CO2, some ATP produced, NAD+ and FAD reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

per glucose molecule, how many citric acid cycles need to take place to get to the next main stage?

A
  • 2 citric acid cycle turns
  • Each turn of the citric acid cycle:
    1. oxidizes one 2-carbon acetate to form 2 CO2
    2. makes 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does the energy go that was released from the oxidation of glucose?

A 
Energy is stored in NADH and FADH2 will be used to
generate ATP during oxidative phosphorylation (stage 3)
from Glycolysis:
-2X ATP
-2X NADH
from Oxidation of Pyruvate:
-2X NADH
from the Citric Acid Cycle:
-2X ATP
-6X NADH
-2X FADH2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation
1. what step is it, what is it also known as?
2. where does it occur?
summary:

A
  1. 3rd and final stage
  2. Occurs inside the mitochondria

Summary: Energy released during exergonic reactions of ETC produces H+ gradient that is used to drive the
endergonic synthesis of ATP

17
Q

what are the 2 phases of Oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  1. The Electron Transport Chain

2. Chemiosmosis

18
Q

what is the Electron Transport Chain? how are electrons transported to this chain?

A

Series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane
-transported to chain (“dropped off”) by NADH and FADH2

19
Q

As electrons ‘fall down’ electron transport chain, they … energy. Electrons are in what kind of energy state when they reach the O2 at the end of the chain?

A

release

-very low energy state

20
Q

how do electrons move along the electron transport chain?

A

-Electron transport involves a sequence of oxidation-reduction reactions –> eg a transfer of electrons between two species (proteins)
1. High energy electrons dropped off by NADH/FADH2
2. Reduces first molecule in electron transport chain
3. First molecule is oxidized when it transfers pair of
high energy electrons to next molecule in chain
4. This transfer of electrons from one molecule to next
continues until electrons are transferred to O2

21
Q

what happens at the end of the electron transport chain when electrons are transferred to O2?

A

When the electrons are transferred to oxygen, two

hydrogen ions join to form water molecule

22
Q

where does NADH drop off it’s electrons? FADH2? how much ATP can be synthesized from each donation from NADH? FADH2?

A

NADH –> at the beginning of electron transport chain
-3 ATP
FADH2 –> farther along chain
-2 ATP

23
Q

what happens to the energy that is released as electrons are transferred from one protein acceptor to the next in the ETC?

A

-energy is used to move H+ across the inner membrane against their concentration gradient (electrochemical gradient –> positive charge on outside, negative charge on inside)

24
Q

what is involved in chemiosmosis?

A
  1. H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane is used to drive the synthesis of ATP
  2. Energy is released as H+ diffuse down their concentration gradient
  3. Released energy is captured by ATP synthase (pump from video) and is used to synthesize ATP
25
Q

what is ATP synthase? what does it do? where does it get its energy from? what does the energy do?

A
  • an enzyme
  • synthesizes ATP from ADP + P(i)
  • Uses energy stored in hydrogen ion gradient to drive this energy requiring reaction
  • Energy used to drive ATP synthesis
26
Q

Why is this called oxidative phosphorylation?

A

because energy is derived from the oxidation of NAD+ and FAD (the dropping off of electrons and hydrogens) and is used to phosphorylate ADP (ADP + P(i) = ATP)

27
Q

what is the maximum amount of ATP molecules that can be generated per glucose molecule during cellular respiration?

A

38

28
Q

why is oxygen necessary for cellular respiration?

A

cellular respiration is only possible if oxygen is present to act as final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain

29
Q

how is the rate of cellular respiration regulated? what is the product that controls this?

A

by feedback inhibition
-End product (ATP) inhibits an enzyme that catalyzes
an early step in the metabolic pathway

-Rate of cellular respiration controlled by concentration of ATP

BIOLOGY 1210 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions