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BIOLOGY 1210 > Cellular Structure > Flashcards

Cellular Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

what is cell theory?

A
  1. All organisms are composed of cells
  2. The cell is the smallest unit showing all of the characteristics that define life
  3. All cells come from pre-exisiting
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2
Q

what are 4 things all cells have?

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. cytosol
  3. chromosomes
  4. ribosomes
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3
Q

what is the major difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells? what do they both have?

A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane bounded organelles
-both have DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytosol

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4
Q

what is the nuclear envelope? what does it do?

A
  • double membrane that surrounds nucleus

- controls movement of material between cytoplasm and nucleus

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5
Q

what is the nucleus?

A
  • control center of the cell

- contains chromosomes (DNA)

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6
Q

what is the nuclear pore?

A

pore in membrane that allows passage of larger molecules out of the nucleus

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7
Q

what is the nucleoli?

A

in center of nucleus; contains portion of chromosome
responsible for production of rRNA and ribosome
assembly

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8
Q

what are ribosomes?

A
  • site of protein synthesis - Location of translation during protein synthesis
  • Non-membrane bounded organelles
  • Composed of protein + rRNA
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9
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum? what are the 2 parts?

A
  • Network of membranous sacs and tubes that extend throughout the cytoplasm
  • smooth ER
  • rough ER
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10
Q

why us rough er “rough”? what are its functions? why is smooth er “smooth”? what are its functions?

A 
‘rough’ because it’s studded with ribosomes
-membrane synthesis
-protein synthesis
'smooth" - because it lacks ribosomes
-synthesize lipids
-help to detoxify drugs and poisons
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11
Q

what is the process of synthesizing and packing of proteins?

A
  1. Polypeptide formed during translation by
    ribosome attached to outer surface of rough ER
  2. Polypeptide passes into internal space of rough
    ER where it folds into correct conformation
  3. Molecule packaged into transport vesicle
  4. Vesicle buds off ER and travels to Golgi
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12
Q

what is the golgi apparatus?

A
  • flattened pancakes –> membranous sacs
  • Receives and modifies substances from ER
  • Sends modified products to final destination
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13
Q

what are lysosomes responsible for? what do they contain?

A

Carry out intracellular digestion

  • Sacs of hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down organic molecules
  • used to digest food particles
  • breakdown damaged organelles
  • destroy foreign materials
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14
Q

how does a lysosome function?

A

it fuses with food vacoule (or old organelle) and than hydrolytic enzymes digest components

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15
Q

what is the mitochondria?

A
  • the powerhouse of the cell

- site of cellular respiration (Use chemical energy in organic molecules to make ATP)

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16
Q

what are the 4 components of a mitochondria?

A
  1. smooth outer membrane
  2. highly folded inner membrane
  3. intermembrane space between these membranes
  4. matrix (in center)
17
Q

what are chloroplasts?

A

sites of photosynthesis ( Convert light energy into chemical energy (sugar))
-Present in all photosynthetic eukaryotes

18
Q

what are the green pigments in chloloplasts?

A

chlorophyll

19
Q

what are the components of a chloroplast? its a what ind of system?

A

3 membrane system

  • 2 smooth out membranes
  • stroma
  • thylakoids (Flattened membrane sacs located in stroma)
20
Q

what is the cytoskeleton? what is its function?

A

Structural network of protein fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm of a cell

  • Provides support
  • Maintains shape of cell and organelles
  • Allows for movement
21
Q

what are centrosomes?

A
  • Microtubule organizing center
  • Organizes microtubules into a ‘spindle’ structure during meiosis and mitosis
  • Contain a pair of centrioles

an organelle near the nucleus of a cell which contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division.

22
Q

where are plant cell walls located? what is their function?

A
  • outside of the cell membrane
  • Protects cell from mechanical damage
  • Gives strength and support to the cell
23
Q

all plant cells have what kind of wall? what other kind of cell wall do they sometimes have? what are plant walls composed of? what holds adjacent cells together?

A
  • primary cell wall
  • secondary cell wall
  • cellulose fibers
  • the middle lamella
24
Q

what are plasmodesmata? what are they lined with?

A
  • Tiny channels running through cell walls
  • Connect adjacent plant cells
  • Lined by cell membrane
25
Q

what is the function of plasmodesmata?

A

Allows cytosol to move freely from one cell to the
next without having to pass through either a cell
wall or a cell membrane

26
Q

what is the plasma membrane? what does it control?

A

-Boundary that separates the living cell from its
surroundings
-Controls movement of molecules into and out of the
cell –> selectively permeable

27
Q

what is selective permeability?

A

allows some substances to cross more easily than others

BIOLOGY 1210 (26 decks)

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