Macroalgae and Angiosperms Flashcards
What is a prokaryote?
-Singles cells lacking a distant nucleus, nuclear membrane and cellular organelles
-(can also be bacteria)
What are Eukaryotes?
-have nuclear nucleus, cellular membrane, cellular organelles, and distinct chromosomes
(-plants, animals, prtozoa like paraceum).
Wat is macroalgae?
-seaweeds
-Aren’t real plants
-1-5% of primary production
What are Non vascular plants?
plants without a vascular system (xylem and phoem for water transport)
What are the characteristicts of macroalgae?
-variety of sizes
-live in photic zone
-7000 species
-colonial members of kingdom protista
-connect to sub-stratum
-take up nutrient from the surrounding water
-don’t have the extensive support structures or other adaptations needed for life in air
What affects algae?
-drying out
-sunlight
-rocks
-waves
-temperature
How do algae survive?
-flexable
-easy to absorb shock
-resistant to abrasion
-reduced drag
-strong
What the algae’s blades?
Leaves
What is algae’s stipe?
the stem structures
What is an algae’s holdfast?
root shaped humble
What is the alge gas bladder?
helps algae to face the surface for ample light for photosynthesis
What is an algae thalus/frond
the body
How do we classify algae?
through acessory pigments(color in their tissues)
Whst are chlorophyta?
green algae
What are phaeophyta?
brown algae
What are Rodophyta?
red algae
What pigments, storage products, and cell wall do green algae have?
-chlorophyll A and B
-Starch
-cellulose
What pigments, storage products, and cell wall do brown algae have?
-A,B Fuxoanthin
-laminain,mannitol
-Aginate
What pigments, storage products, and cell wall do red algae have?
-A,D and phycoeerthryn
-floridian starch
-Agarcarregeeian
What are qualities of brown algae?
-live in low intertidal, shallow subtidal, , include largest seaweeds (kelps), usually more morphologically
differentiated than green seaweeds
What are the qualities of green seaweeds?
photosynthetic pigments similar to higher plants, store starch, wide variety of morphologies
What are the qulities of red algae?
Most of the worlds seaweeds are red algaes
Tend to be small
Dim light they excel in – can be in deep water where there is not much light at all – due to pigments
Can also live on rocks in direct sunlight near shore
What is the life cycle of Laminaria?
Laminarian kelps have a complex life cycle alternating between a large asexual sporophyte and a small gametophyte
What is a sporophyte?
the big algae plant
What is a gameophyte?
the microscopic plant
What are life histories in terms of seaweeds?
-based on alternation of life history stages
-vary in wether forms are identical haplois or diploid
What is kelp?
-giant seaweed
-can grow up to 132ft
-can grow 20 inches in a day
-pigments allow them to grow at deeper depths
What is ismorphic?
same form
What is a codium?
No gameophyte stage
What are kelp forests?
-dominated by brown seaweed
-high growth rates
-can be 10-20m high
-shelter may species
What is saragassum?
-megaplankton
-Brown seaweed that forms massive floating mats in the sargasso sea
-doesn’t have a holdfast
-forms large mats
associated with specialized communities
-provides shelter and food
What is the fastest growing seaweed?
chlorophytes(green)
What is the slowest growing and longest lived seaweed?
phaeophytes(brown)
What are the deepest lived seaweeds?
phodophytes(red)
What is kelp farming?
kelp spores are seeded to spools and grow a strong line between buoys
What is Biofuel?
any fuel that is derived by plant, algae, or animal waste
What plants are in phylum Trachaephyta?
vascular plants
What plants are in superclass Angiospermae?
flowering plants
What plants are considered true plants?
flowering plants (angiosperms)
they have true leaves, stems, roots, and andictive tissues
What are seagrasses?
-eel and manatee grass
-live in shallow water
-very simple flowers
-pollen spreads floating on water
What is the structure of seagrass?
-rhizone system has symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria within sediment
(allows asexual growth and lateral speed)
shoots coming out of sediment spreading towards surface
What are saltmarsh plants?
plants boardering shallow bays and estuaries at the mouth of rivers
What is cordgrass (spartina)?
the dominant salt-marsh plant in the marshes
What happens to saltmarsh plants are exposed to saltwater?
-they are exposed at high tide
-help deal with excess salt
What halophytes?
-(salt tolerating plants)
-grow in areas of higher elevation than cord grass
-important to marine habitats
What is Detrius?
dead decaying organic matter. Feeds food webs, in addition to phytoplankton
What is startina spp?
spread by a rhizone system: plants are interconnected and consists of stands of the same genotype
How do salt marsh plants trap fine particles?
by colonization of sediment
What are adaptations of Spartina?
-sediment is anoxic
-fiddler crab burrows enhance spartina growth allowing aeration of the soil
-Aerechymal tissue allows gas exchange even when surrounded by anoxic soil
What are qualities of mangroves?
-roots trap sediments
-stabilize wetlands and coasts
-act as shelter and shade for organisms
Where do mangorves live?
tropic and subtropic areas
What are the conditions of mangroves?
-tolerate only partial submergence
-many have rootsthat are exposed at low tide
-can’t be in freezing temperatures
How do mangroves germinate?
-while still atatched to the parent plant and develop into seelings before falling into water. They are carried by water to new locations
How do mangroves deal with salt?
-they are very salt tolerant plants
-leaves have salt gland that can excrete salt from cell cytosol to leaf structures
What are qualities of red mangroves?
leaves are elliptical, glossy, and closest to the water
What are qualities of black mangroves?
-projections around trunk
-aid in air nutrient, and salt exchange
-higher on shore
-salt excreted through leaves
What are qualities of white mangroves?
-single trunk that is light green
-farthest up on shore
