M7: Types of Pathogens

Question 1

What is the difference between infectious and non-infectious?

Answer 1

• infectious is contagious and can be transmitted from one host to another containing pathogens
• Non-infectious diseases can not be transmitted from one host to another and are impacted by lifestyle and/or genetics and radiation.

Question 2

What are pathogens?

Answer 2

organisms or biogenic molecules that are infectious agents, passing from one host to another from a specific disease

Question 3

examples of pathogens?

Answer 3

• parasites
• protozoa
  -fungi
• prokaryotic
• virus
• prion

Question 4

what are prions?

Answer 4

non-living abnormally folded protein that causes brain disease in animals

Question 5

how are disease prions activated?

Answer 5

abnormal folding patterns occur when coming in contact with other prion proteins, and are transmitted through direct contact or consumption.

Question 6

examples of prions?

Answer 6

• Scrapie (sheep)
• Mad cow (cattle)
• Jakob disease (human)
• Kuru (human - cannibalism disease)

Question 7

what are viruses?

Answer 7

• an infectious agent made up of genetic material wrapped in a protein coat (capsid) that always harms an organism.
• very small and can only be seen under an electron microscope

Question 8

examples of Viruses in plants and animals?

Answer 8

plants
- Tobacco Mosaic Virus

animals
- hep. c
- corona
- herpes
- smallpox
- influenza
- bird flu

Question 9

how are viruses classified?

Answer 9

by host cell type, type of nucleic acid, and protein coat

Question 10

how do viruses replicate?

Answer 10

replicate inside the host in which nuclear material causes the cytoplasm of the host cell to produce new viruses, killing the host cell in the process.

Question 11

Parts of a bacteria cell?

Answer 11

• cytoplasm
• cell membrane
• chromosomal
• plasmid
• flagellum

Question 12

Two examples of bacteria?

Answer 12

• tuberculosis (animals)
• black rot (plants)

Question 13

how does tuberculosis occur?

Answer 13

caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis and is spread via droplets. The bacterium is engulfed by the macrophage, where normal lysosome digestion does not occur.

Question 14

how does black rot occur?

Answer 14

cause by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris, which enters through wounds in the plant’s leaves, and produces polysaccharides that block xylem vessels.

Question 15

what is Acellular?

Answer 15

• containing no cellular structures
• cannot survive without the host

Question 16

what is Cellular?

Answer 16

• living organism
• cellular structures .eg. genetic material

Question 17

what are Protozoa?

Answer 17

single-celled eukaryotic organisms that reproduce by binary fusion. These include all eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, plants or fungi.

Question 18

features of protozoa?

Answer 18

• most are motile (can move)
• classified by type of locomotion

Question 19

what is locomotion?

Answer 19

The movement of an organism from one place to another

Question 20

what are the types of protozoa?

Answer 20

• Paramecium
• Amoeba
• Eugelna

Question 21

example of protozoa and basic information?

Answer 21

Malaria
- caused by Plasmodium which infects the blood and liver
- spread through mosquito bite (vector)
- symptoms include fever, headaches, fatigue, jaundice, vomiting

Question 22

what is fungi?

Answer 22

Non-photosynthetic organisms that are usually eukaryotic, and can be both unicellular or multicellular.

Question 23

how are fungi made up?

Answer 23

• chiton fungi wall
• main body made up of long filaments called hyphae which branch out and make mycelium

Question 24

how do fungi reproduce?

Answer 24

asexually by budding

Question 25

examples of fungi and basic information (plant, animal, and insect)

Answer 25

Tinia (human/animal)
- caused by tinea pedis
- spread through direct skin contact or indirect surfaces
- symptoms include redness, itching, scaling of skin

Grey mould (plant)
- cause by Botrytis Cinerea
- kills cells then feeds
- appearance of grey soft spots

Zombie ant (insect)
- caused by Ophiocordyceps unilateralis
- thing shoots out of the head

Question 26

what are endoparasites? and example

Answer 26

• live inside the host
• transmitted via faecal-oral route through contaminated food and water
• feed on hosts’ tissue and fluids
  eg tapeworms

Question 27

what are ectoparasites? and example

Answer 27

• live outside the host’s body
• feeds on the blood of the host
• some inject toxins
  eg mosquito, fleas, ticks