M6 - Lesson 5: Mutation, Recombinant DNA and Polymerase Chain Reaction Flashcards
It’s a change in the nucleotide sequence in a molecule of DNA.
Mutation
Some mutations are random, while others are caused by ______
mutagens
It’s the substation of one nucleotide for another.
Point mutation
replacement of G by C
Point mutation
It occurs when one or more nucleotides is/are lost from a DNA molecule.
Deletion mutation
loss of G
Deletion mutation
It occurs when one or more nucleotides is/are added to a DNA molecule.
Insertion mutation
addition of C
Insertion mutation
It has a negligible effect to the organism because the resulting amino acid is identical.
Silent mutation
identical / same amino acid
Silent mutation
A mutation that produces a protein that usually has a small to moderate effect on the protein overall.
one different amino acid
Some proteins, such as hemoglobin, substitution of just one amino acid can result in the ______
fatal disease sickle cell anemia
If a mutation causes a big change, like producing a stop codon, the remainder of the protein will not be synthesized.
catastrophic results
Its a disease when a mutation causes a protein deficiency or defective protein synthesis and this mutation is passed through generations.
genetic disease
This results from defective cyctic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR); the effects are extremely thick lung mucus and low pancreatic secretions.
Cystic fibrosis
This results from a deficiency of an enzyme needed from galactose metabolism and can cause mental retardation.
Galactosemia
It’s synthetic DNA that contains segments from more than one source.
Recombinant DNA
What are the three key elements are needed to form recombinant DNA?
DNA molecule
enzyme
gene from a second organism
into which a new DNA segment will be inserted.
DNA molecule
that cleaves DNA at specific locations.
enzyme
that will be inserted into the original DNA molecule.
gene from a second organism
First, bacterial plasmid DNA is cut by the _________, which cuts in a specific place.
restriction endonuclease EcoRI
What do you call the one that gives a double strand of linear plasmid DNA with two ends ready to bonds?
sticky ends
Then, a second sample is cut with the same EcoRI.
human DNA
This forms human DNA segments with sticky ends that are _____
complimentary to the plasmid DNA
This combines the two pieces of DNA that forms DNA containing the new segment.
DNA ligase enzyme
Why does the DNA chain is slightly larger?
additional segment
It amplifies a specific portion of a DNA molecule, producing millions of exact copies.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
What are the four elements are needed to amplify DNA by PCR?
Segment of DNA
Primers
DNA polymerase enzyme
Nucleoside triphosphate
A segment that must be copied
DNA
short polynucleotides that are complementary to the two ends of the segment to be amplified.
Two primers
to catalyze the synthesis of a complementary strand.
DNA polymerase enzyme
the source of the A, T, C and G needed to make the new DNA
Nucleoside triphosphate
What method to used in the DNA of each individual person is unique?
identification
_______ can be used to obtain a DNA fingerprint.
Any type of cell
The DNA is first amplified by PCR, and then cut by _____
restriction enzymes
The DNA fragments are then separated by size by _____
gel electrophoresis
DNA fragments can be visualized on after they have been separated
X-ray film
It’s an infectious agent consisting of a DNA or RNA molecule that is contained within a protein coating.
virus
It incapable of replicating alone, so ____ and makes the host replicate the virus.
it invades a host organism
What are many prevalent diseases that are viral in origin?
common cold, influenza, and herpes
It’s an inactive form of a virus that causes a person’s immune system to produce antibodies to the virus to ward off infection.
Vaccine
What do you call a virus with an RNA core?
retrovirus
Retroviruses invade a host and then synthesize viral DNA by _____
reverse transcription
The viral DNA can then transcribe RNA, which then directs _____ (new retroviral particles to infect other cells)
protein synthesis
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
caused by the retrovirus
