Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Italy History A-Level > M3- Relationships with political and economic interests > Flashcards

M3- Relationships with political and economic interests Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards World History 101 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards
1
Q

what was the role of the King in Mussolini’s dictatorship?

A

Italy was still a constitutional monarchy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

who was the King?

A

Victor Emanuel III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why was the original fascist policy of anti-monarchism dropped in 1920?

A

Mussolini understood how important the relationship with the King was in order to gain and consolidate his power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what did Mussolini’s relationship with the King help him gain acceptance of?

A

the armed forces
the state administration

both were incredibly loyal to the King

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what powers did the King lose in December 1928?

A

the ability to nominate future PMs

he now had to choose from a list of fascists provided by the Grand Council of Fascism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why was this significant for Mussolini’s consolidation of power?

A

as Mussolini was the head of the Grand Council of Fascism he was in charge of providing the list of fascist candidates

so he had control over who future PMs would be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what powers did the King lose in March 1938?

A

a law was passed which created the title of First Marshal of the Empire

role was given to both the King and Mussolini

the King was no longer the supreme commander of the armed forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why was this significant for Mussolini?

A

he could now take control of the armed forces, something he does when he enters WW2 in 1940

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

however, what power did the King retain?

A

the power to remove Mussolini

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what was the King’s relationship with Mussolini like?

A

he played a subservient character by not challenging Mussolini

he was only interested in retaining his position as King

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

example of King being subservient to Mussolini

A

the King did not try to stop the unpopular implementation of racial and anti-semitic decrees in 1938

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

concl on Mussolini and the King

A

was a balancing act

Mussolini needed the King’s early support to get control of the armed forces and state

the King was still in a strong position to depose Mussolini BUT chose not to

the King was too concerned with his own position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which of the conservative elites did Mussolini prepared to work with?

A

army
judiciary
civil service

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what was Mussolini’s view on the role of judiciary?

A

they were important for him to suppress opposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what did Mussolini do to the judiciary?

A

he sacked many judges for not being sympathetic enough to Fascism

Mussolini wanted the judiciary to follow his government’s instructions and legislature

many judges joined the PNF to ensure their positions were retained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

concl on Mussolini and judiciary

A

he had removed judges who were not aligned with Fascism

most judges joined the PNF which allowed Mussolini to control the legal system

Mussolini himself would occasionally intervene in legal cases by dictating verdicts and sentences

LEGAL SYSTEM WAS NO LONGER INDEPENDENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what did Mussolini do to the armed forces?

A

allowed them to run as independent institution

put generals or admirals in charge of running the armed forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why was the civil service less of an issue for Mussolini?

A

they were largely sympathetic to Mussolini and the fascist cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how did Mussolini ensure loyalty in the civil service?

A

he used his power of patronage to reward loyalty
he understood that by appeasing the conservatives the civil service would be happy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how many civil servants were PNF members in 1927?

A

15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

why did PNF membership in the civil service rise in the 1930s?

A

civil servants understood that being a PNF member was a major factor in getting a promotion

22
Q

concl on Mussolini and civil service

A

he didnt have to do much

most civil servants supported Mussolini

simply had to appease and reward loyalty to keep civil servants in side

they loyally carried out the instructions of Mussolini

23
Q

how did Mussolini get the support of the traditional conservative elite?

A

by giving them powerful positions such as being Prefect or podesta

thus old ruling elite were inclined to support fascism

24
Q

what did the Leggi Fascistissime change with regards to Mussolini’s position as PM?

A

he was no longer answerable to parliament and deputies

he had complete control over legislation and laws

25
Q

what change was made to parliament in May 1928?

A

parliament was to be made up of 400 fascists deputies chosen by the Grand Council of Fascism

26
Q

what was the Grand Council of Fascism made in December 1928?

A

the most important legal body in the Italian constitution

27
Q

why was this significant for the PNF?

A

would allow it to rule after Mussolini’s death as well

28
Q

was the Grand Council of Fascism influential in governing?

A

nope

Mussolini had complete control over the council and only he could appoint senior

the council barely even met in the 1930s

29
Q

when was parliament abolished?

A

January 1939

30
Q

what replaced parliament?

A

Chamber of Fasces and Corporations

31
Q

concl on Mussolini and central government

A

Mussolini had complete control over parliament from 1925

with opposition parties banned and only fascists in parliament, parliament became useless

to add to this Mussolini could rule by decree which meant that parliament was only used for ratification

ended up being replaced by fascist equivalents which were also under Mussolini’s complete authority

32
Q

what was the role of a Prefect?

A

highest state authority in each Italian province

in charge of policing and censorship of the local press

33
Q

who were appointed Prefects?

A

role was given mainly to the traditional elite to keep them on side

Mussolini had no intention of giving this position to fascists or ras

Mussolini had complete control over who was appointed which allowed him to ensure loyalty on a provincial level

34
Q

concl on Mussolini and the local government

A

despite giving the positions of power to civil servants and traditional elte…

ULTIMATELY
these people were ferociously loyal to Mussolini and the fascists

therefore Mussolini was able to control local governance as well as being able to strengthen his role as dictator

35
Q

who did Mussolini appoint Secretary of the Fascist Party in 1925?

A

Roberto Farinacci

36
Q

who was purged by Farinacci in 1925?

A

PNF members who did not agree with Mussolini’s direction for the party

37
Q

why was Farinacci becoming a problem for Mussolini?

A

he was too radical and extreme

he encouraged fascist violence against both Socialists and Catholics, which after the Matteotti crisis was extremely unpopular

Mussolini did not want any more fascist violence to occur (after speech in Jan 1925)

38
Q

who did Mussolini replace Farinacci with in 1926 as party secretary?

A

Turati

39
Q

what changes to the PNF did Turati bring?

A

he expelled the older hard-line fascists from the party

40
Q

how many PNF members were kicked out of the party by 1929?

A

60,000

41
Q

who succeeded Turati as party secretary in 1931?

A

Giurati

42
Q

what changes to the PNF did Giurati make?

A

he purged more PNF members

he replaced these members with new fascists

43
Q

how many new fascists did Giurati bring into membership in 1931?

A

800,000

44
Q

who were these new fascists and why did they join?

A

those who worked in government jobs

saw PNF membership as useful for career progression as well as for the benefits it provided

cared little about a fascist revolution and challenging Mussolini

therefore loyal

45
Q

when did PNF membership become compulsory for government workers?

A

1933

46
Q

concl on Mussolini and the PNF

A

he had appointed and instructed party secretaries to purge the PNF of it’s traditional old hard-line members who represented the radical element of the PNF

Mussolini wanted to maintain popularity and so the violence had to go… (shown in Mussolini’s sacking of Farinacci)

Mussolini replaced these hard-line fascists with middle-class govt workers who had no interest in pushing for a fascist revolution or even challenging Mussolini

47
Q

who did Mussolini appoint as Minister of the Interior to appease the nationalists?

A

Federzoni

48
Q

after the merger with the PNF, what did many nationalists think about Mussolini?

A

they followed his political direction and had no interest in opposing him

UNLIKE the fascists themselves

49
Q

who was Mussolini’s longest serving minister?

A

Costanzo Ciano
was an ex-nationalist
was Minister of Communications for 10 years

his son married Mussolini’s daughter

50
Q

which nationalist was in charge of the reform of customs?

A

Danielli

51
Q

what was the reform of customs?

A

removal of foreign sounding words

52
Q

concl on Mussolini and the Nationalists

A

probably his best working relationship

got even better after Mussolini’s foreign policy became more expanisonist

it was the ANI’s initial policies in the 1910s which drew the PNF to adopt a more nationalistic approach

with the merger of the ANI and the representation of nationalists in ministerial positions, Mussolini trusted nationalists

Italy History A-Level (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions