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Italy History A-Level > M1- Impact of the First World War > Flashcards

M1- Impact of the First World War Flashcards

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1
Q

why was there concerns over remaining neutral with the Triple Alliance?

A

if Germany and A-H won the war, they would not be sympathetic towards Italian ambitions in the Med

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2
Q

why was there concerns over remaining neutral with the Entente powers?

A

if Britain and France won the war, Italy would not be able to discuss Italian ambitions in the Med

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3
Q

who was Salandra’s foreign minister?

A

Sidney Sonnino

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4
Q

what land did the Entente powers promise Italy upon victory?

A

South Tyrol
Trentino
Istria
Trieste
Dalmatia

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5
Q

when was the Treaty of London signed?

A

26 April 1915

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6
Q

who was against intervention?

A

PSI
most Catholics (the Pope)

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7
Q

how many deputies opposed the Treaty of London?

A

300

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8
Q

why was Salandra’s resignation not accepted by the King?

A

Giolitti declined to succeed Salandra

Giolitti was afraid of a nationalist rebellion as he himself was anti-war so would have wanted to pull out

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9
Q

when did Italy declare war on A-H?

A

25 May 1915

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10
Q

what was the main reason for Italy entering the war?

A

foreign and domestic political pressure

the Italian people had little say despite their protests

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11
Q

what were conditions like in the war?

A

horrible
war was fought in the mountains with ice and snow
war of attrition meant trench warfare

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12
Q

what were the issues surrounding the Italian troops?

A

the south was clearly over-represented and these men did not understand the need for war

soldiers spoke different dialects so giving orders was difficult

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13
Q

how many southern peasant conscripts were there in the Italian army?

A

5 million

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14
Q

how many Italian soldiers were court-martialled for desertion?

A

290,000

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15
Q

what was the diet of Italian troops like?

A

3,000 calories of rations a day

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16
Q

who was the Italian supreme commander?

A

Luigi Cardona

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17
Q

what was Luigi Cardona like as a commander?

A

repressive and harsh

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18
Q

how many Italian military death sentences were passed under Cardona’s regime?

A

4000

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19
Q

why were Italian troops fighting inclined to surrender?

A

conditions in POW camps were better than what Italian troops on the front were dealing with

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20
Q

how many Italians were put in POW camps?

A

600,000

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21
Q

how many Italian troops died of hunger?

A

100,000

5x more than France and Britain

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22
Q

how did POWs feel after the war?

A

they felt betrayed

the Italian govt did nothing to help bring POWs back

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23
Q

why did the Italian govt not try to bring POWs back?

A

they felt that if they came back, they would tell stories about the better conditions in POW camps which may lead to men surrendering

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24
Q

what was decimation?

A

to deal with disobedience in the troops, men would be chosen at random and shot in front of everyone

Cardona wanted to force the Italian troops to fight
BUT
it lowered troop moral further

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25
Q

who replaced Salandra as PM in 1916?

A

Paolo Boselli

26
Q

when was the Battle of Caporetto?

A

24 October 1917

27
Q

why was Caporetto a major failure for Italy?

A

it was a humiliation

Italian troops retreated hundreds of miles to the River Piave

200,000 men had been displaced from their units

the Veneto region was lost

28
Q

how many Italians killed at Caporetto?

A

10,000

29
Q

how many Italians were taken POW at Caparetto?

A

300,000

30
Q

what did Caporetto lead to?

A

a major restructuring of the army

Cardona was replaced by Diaz

31
Q

what changes did Diaz make to the Italian army?

A

rations were raised

annual leave increased

lectures and trench newspapers to boost morale

was a more cautious commander

32
Q

casualty rate in 1917

A

520,000

33
Q

casualty rate in 1918

A

140,000

34
Q

what happened to the PSI during the war?

A

many members were arrested for being anti-war and labelled traitors

35
Q

when was the Battle of Vittorio Veneto?

A

24 October 1918

36
Q

outcome at VV?

A

Italian victory
split the A-H army into two

37
Q

when did A-H surrender?

A

4 November 1918

38
Q

how did the nationalists use the victory?

A

showed that Italy had achieved victory through patriotism, unity and self-sacrifice

39
Q

how many Italian casualties in WW1?

A

650,000

40
Q

Italian steel production before the war compared to Austria

A

1 million tonnes
compared to
2.6 million tonnes

41
Q

proportion of Italian machine guns to Austrian machine guns at the start of the war

A

2:12 per battalion

42
Q

by the end of the war how many machine guns had Italy produced?

A

20,000

43
Q

what had the national debt increase to by 1919?

A

85 billion lira

44
Q

how much did the purchasing power of the lira drop by?

A

25%
inflation hit Italians hard

45
Q

who did well out of the war?

A

industrialists whose industries were linked to war

46
Q

what became the largest car manufacturer in Europe at the end of the war?

A

Fiat

47
Q

how many planes did Italy produce in 1918?

A

6,500

48
Q

how much did Fiat expand it’s workforce by?

A

400%

49
Q

who was responsible for Italy’s wartime economy?

A

Alfredo Dallolio

50
Q

in what ways did Dallolio organise the war economy?

A

prevented the conscription of skilled workers

recruited more peasants and women into industry

strikes were made illegal

51
Q

why was government spending unbalanced?

A

it had been pretty much all from foreign loans and through printing more money

52
Q

how had the Italian economy become unbalanced?

A

the war sectors were growing at a disproportionate rate compared to other industries

53
Q

how did the war make the north-south economic divide worse?

A

the North had massively expanded its industry thanks to the war with most of the war effort in the north-east

the South was left alone

54
Q

by how much did industry in the North grow?

A

20%

55
Q

in what ways did living standards massively fall in Italy during the war?

A

real wages dropped by 25%

working hours were being extended

extreme rationing of food

56
Q

by 1917 what food was being rationed?

A

bread and pasta

57
Q

how did the government look to pay for the war effort?

A

they increased indirect taxes

majorly angered the Italian people, especially those who did not want war

58
Q

impact of poor living standards

A

led to many workers feeling angry at the industrialists who were exploiting and profiting off of the Italian people

59
Q

how many protestors were killed in Turin in August 1917?

A

50 workers

60
Q

what were these protestors protesting against?

A

bread shortages and the war

Italy History A-Level (20 decks)

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