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Italy History A-Level > M2- The creation of a Fascist dictatorship > Flashcards

M2- The creation of a Fascist dictatorship Flashcards

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1
Q

through what way had Mussolini obtained power in Italy?

A

through his dual policy of seeking constitutional approvement as well as through squad violence

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2
Q

what were the squads pushing for Mussolini to do as PM?

A

they demanded a further revolution and a greater reward for getting him into power

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3
Q

what two appointments to his cabinet were influential in gaining support of key influential groups?

A

De Stefani for the industrialists
Cavazzoni for the Catholics

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4
Q

what did the appointment of Alberto De Stefani do for Mussolini’s popularity?

A

by appointing De Stefani as minister of finance he had won the support of the conservative industrialists

showed that Mussolini was not intending any radical changes to the economy

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5
Q

how had Mussolini managed to convince industrialists to support him?

A

convinced them that he would not attack tax evasion

persuaded Confindustria to support him

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6
Q

what was Confindustria?

A

a powerful conservative organisation which represented big business

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7
Q

what did the appointment of Stefano Cavazzoni do for Mussolini’s popularity?

A

Cavazzoni became his minister for work and welfare

he was a member of the PPI and began to encourage his own party to collaborate with Mussolini

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8
Q

what had Mussolini done to appease the Catholic Church?

A

increased clerical sales]
banned contraception
introduced religious education in schools
dropped proposals to tax church property

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9
Q

when did the Pope instruct Sturzo to resign?

A

July 1923

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10
Q

when was the ANI absorbed into the PNF?

A

February 1923

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11
Q

what was the impact of the ANI being absorbed?

A

the PNF was now the main nationalist party in Italy

and Mussolini had removed a rival from parliament

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12
Q

for how long was Mussolini given emergency powers for?

A

1 year

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13
Q

voting for the emergency powers

A

196 to 16

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14
Q

how had Mussolini convinced deputies to give him emergency powers?

A

he had threatened them by saying that he had 300,000 fascists who were ready to take violent action towards deputies who did not vote for the law

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15
Q

what did the emergency powers granted to Mussolini allow him to do?

A

he had full power to govern and raise taxes without consulting parliament and the need for approval
he also could not be removed from parliament

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16
Q

why were many liberals and conservatives prepared to support Mussolini?

A

many believed he was the man who could bring energy and dynamism to Italian politics

many saw him as a fresh start after years of liberal corruption through transformismo

many believed he could be easily influenced and saw him as a PM who would share his power

many saw the PNF as the ONLY way to stop a socialist revolution and thus saw Mussolini as the man who could destroy the left

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17
Q

when was the Grand Council of Fascism set up?

A

December 1922

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18
Q

what did Mussolini use the Grand Council of Fascism for?

A

he used it to centralise his power over the PNF as he was the only one who could appoint members and so gave him complete control of party policy and appointments

also gave him a way to undermine the liberal parliamentary institutions by using the Grand Council to bypass them

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19
Q

who were the Quadramvirs?

A

De Bono
Bianchi
De Vecchi
Balbo

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20
Q

when was the MVSN formed?

A

January 1923

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21
Q

what was the MVSN?

A

national militia

legalisation of the squads

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22
Q

how did Mussolini use the creation of the MVSN to consolidate more power over the PNF?

A

the formation of the MVSN meant that squads were under PNF control
NOT the ras like it was previously

the squads could no longer play a role of opposition to Mussolini’s power

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23
Q

what happened to the ras?

A

replaced by ex-army officers who took their positions as leaders of the MVSN squads

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24
Q

how many ras were expelled from the PNF?

A

200

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25
Q

how many men were in the MVSN?

A

300,000
a private army at Mussolini’s disposal

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26
Q

what happened to squad violence with the creation of the MVSN?

A

it massively declined as the squads were no longer under the control of the ras

Mussolini had intended to limit fascist violence as it was seen as detrimental to his support

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27
Q

what was the Cheka?

A

Mussolini’s personal bodyguard of fascist thugs

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28
Q

how did the Cheka help Mussolini consolidate his power?

A

were used to terrorise political opponents into submission

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29
Q

who led Mussolini’s Cheka?

A

Amerigo Dumini

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30
Q

when was the Acerbo Law passed?

A

July 1923

31
Q

what was the Acerbo Law?

A

change to the existing parliamentary system

the party with the most votes in a election (at least 25%) would automatically receive 2/3 of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies

32
Q

how did Mussolini force the Acerbo Law through parliament?

A

he had placed armed blackshirts around the chamber to intimidate the deputies to vote for the law

he also claimed that if the law was not passed then he would abolish parliament which led many deputies voting for it

33
Q

what was the result of the voting for the Acerbo Law?

A

235 to 139

34
Q

how can the passing of the Acerbo Law be seen as legal and illegal?

A

legal
many deputies supported it:
- saw it as the only way to deal with radical left
- saw it as major move away from coalition led governments

illegal
Mussolini had used violence and intimidation to threaten deputies to vote for the law

IMO mostly legal he had valid support for it

35
Q

why was the Acerbo Law significant in Mussolini consolidating his power?

A

he had solved his issue of not having a majority in parliament

meant that he could gain a majority and rule constitutionally without the need for emergency decrees

36
Q

what were the main reasons for Mussolini’s election victory in 1924?

A

weakness of the opposition
fascist violence
Mussolini himself

37
Q

how did the liberals play a part in Mussolini’s election victory in 1924?

A

liberals such as Orlando and Salandra had joined the PNF’s electoral register which brought more support for the PNF

38
Q

how did the left-wing play a part in Mussolini’s election victory in 1924?

A

remained divided with the PCI and PSI, there was no concrete opposition to the PNF in the election

neither was willing to work with each other or even others in opposition such as Giolitti

39
Q

how did fascist violence play a part in Mussolini’s election victory in 1924?

A

the use of violence across Italy was used to intimidate the voters to vote for the PNF

also violence was concentrated around destroying opposition organisations and offices

Mussolini himself did not want any violence

40
Q

how much of the vote did the fascist electoral register win?

A

66%

41
Q

how many fascist deputies in parliament after the 1924 election?

A

374
clear majority

42
Q

who was the most prominent member of the opposition when parliament reopened in 1924?

A

Giacomo Matteotti

43
Q

what was Matteotti attempting to do?

A

he was trying to defame and criminalise the actions of Mussolini and the PNF

he presented evidence of Fascist intimidation to parliament as well speaking out against the violence and corruption

44
Q

when was Matteotti murdered?

A

10 June 1924

45
Q

what was Mussolini’s response to the murder of Matteotti?

A

he denied any involvement

46
Q

who put pressure on Mussolini after the murder of Matteotti?

A

the established elite

the anti-fascists in parliament

from the ras

47
Q

the established elite

A

were not looking to associate themselves with a PM associated with murder

48
Q

the anti-fascists in parliament

A

called for the dismissal of Mussolini and wanted to overthrow the fascist government

49
Q

the ras

A

they wanted Mussolini to push on for a fascist dictatorship

50
Q

how many ant-fascist deputies walked out of parliament on 13 June 1924?

A

100

51
Q

what did the 100 anti-fascists do?

A

set up their own parliament called the ‘Aventine secession’

52
Q

who did Mussolini still have the support of, despite the Matteotti crisis?

A

the King
the Pope
industrialists
the Army
most of the elite

all these groups still saw Mussolini as the only opposition to socialism
they had no intention to help the PCI or PSI’s new government

53
Q

why was the Aventine Secession a benefit for Mussolini’s consolidation of power?

A

less opposition in parliament so he could pass legislation more easily

54
Q

why was the Aventine Secession a failure?

A

again the opposition were so weakly united and had no intention of working together

the new parliament had very contrasting political opinions

55
Q

what showed the King’s support for Mussolini?

A

he had refused to dismiss Mussolini

was too afraid of the left-wing or even a potential civil war if he opposed Mussolini

56
Q

who did Mussolini appoint to Interior Minister to appease the elite?

A

Luigi Federzoni

57
Q

how did Mussolini deal with the opposition created by the Matteotti crisis?

A

introduction of press censorship in July 1924

banned political meetings by opposition parties in August 1924

58
Q

why had many Liberals join the opposition in November 1924?

A

they had opposed the press censorship Mussolini introduced

Salandra was the most influential Liberal to join the opposition- showed potential of liberal opposition to Mussolini

59
Q

what ultimatum did the fascists give Mussolini in December 1924?

A

that if he did not end the Matteotti affair immediately and begin setting up a dictatorship, they would withdraw their support

they wanted more radicalism and wanted Mussolini to pursue a revolution

60
Q

what happened in Mussolini’s speech on 3 January 1925?

A

Mussolini took full responsibility of all violent fascist actions and promised the Italian people a strong government without the use of violence

61
Q

what was the reaction to Mussolini’s speech in January 1925?

A

parliament showed its support for Mussolini
Mussolini had the majority support he needed to establish a dictatorship

62
Q

what happened to the opposition after January 1925?

A

became divided and lacked leadership

they ended up compromising with fascist rule

63
Q

when were the Leggi Fascistissime passed?

A

December 1925

64
Q

what did the Leggi Fascistissime do?

A

banned all opposition parties and organisations

tightened press control

set up the OVRA (secret police)

set up the Special Tribunal for the Defence of the State

65
Q

what was the Special Tribunal for the Defence of the State?

A

special court used to deal with anti-fascist behaviour

anti-fascists would be round up by the police, with help from the OVRA, and would be tried in this court

would be banished to remote parts of Italy, called confino

66
Q

how did Mussolini control immigration of Italians?

A

all passports were withdrawn

67
Q

how did Mussolini increase his control over local government?

A

replaced local mayors and councils with loyal podestas

these men owed their position to Mussolini and were extremely fascist

68
Q

when was Mussolini given power to rule by decree?

A

January 1926

parliament no longer had to be consulted
Italy was now a dictatorship

69
Q

what did the King lose the right to do in 1928?

A

he could no longer select the PM

instead the Grand Council of Fascism would provide a list of candidates for the King to chose from

70
Q

who did Mussolini appoint PNF secretary in February 1924?

A

Farinacci

71
Q

who would Farinacci go on to do on the orders of Mussolini?

A

purge the PNF of the radical wing who could not accept Mussolini’s direction for fascism

he had also reduced the power of the squads and brought in more pro-Mussolini fascists

72
Q

how did Mussolini get the support of the military?

A

appointed a conservative monarchist in Pietro Badoglio as the Chief of General Staff

appealed to the Army who had feared a radical fascist being in charge

army now under Mussolini’s complete control

73
Q

how did the Palazzo Vidoni Pact strengthen Mussolini’s relationship with industrialists?

A

signed in October 1925 it established the fascist unions as the only official trade union in Italy

removed all the power from the socialist trade unions which had caused industrialists major issues in the past

Italy History A-Level (20 decks)

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