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Italy History A-Level > M3- Economic Policy > Flashcards

M3- Economic Policy Flashcards

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1
Q

how did Mussolini try to appeal to industrialists when he came into power?

A

he appointed a conservative minister of finance
Alberto De’Stefani

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2
Q

what economic policies did De’Stefani implement?

A

privatised the telephone sector

reduced state expenditure

deregulated the economy which allowed industries to operate more freely

cut protective tarrifs

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3
Q

what is a protective tariff?

A

tariff which protects domestic trade by raising the costs for Italian industries to import from abroad

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4
Q

how were De’Stefani’s policies successful?

A

Italy saw a a increase in manufacturing production

Italy began a period of rapid economic growth

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5
Q

what did De’Stefani struggle with?

A

dealing with the inflationary problems which came with rapid growth

agricultural opposition to cuts in tarrifs

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6
Q

who replaced De’Stefani and when?

A

July 1925
replaced by Volpi

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7
Q

when was the Battle for Lira launched?

A

August 1926

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8
Q

by 1926 how many Lira to £1?

A

150

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9
Q

what was Mussolini’s view on the importance of the Lira?

A

he saw the strength of the Lira to be representative of the strength of the Fascist state

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10
Q

when was the exchange rate fixed?

A

December 1927

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11
Q

what was the new exchange rate to the £?

A

90 lira to £1

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12
Q

how was the Battle for Lira a success?

A

had increased Mussolini’s prestige both at home and abroad —> SHOWED HIS POWER AND STRENGTH

made him more popular with foreign bankers

(these were his initial aims for the Battle for Lira)

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13
Q

how was the Battle for Lira a failure?

A

the detrimental affect it had on the Italian economy
- export market collapsed as Italian goods were too expensive
- unemployment trebled
- consumer import market failed due to high tarrifs

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14
Q

what did Mussolini do which meant that the Battle for Lira was a failure?

A

he had introduced high tariffs on certain foreign imports

meant that the cost for foreign goods for a consumer increased

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15
Q

which industry went into depression after the revaluation of the Lira?

A

the textile industry

Italian goods were now more expensive to import for foreign countries
meant industries reliant on an export market collapsed

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16
Q

which industries benefitted from the Battle for Lira?

A

steel
ship building
armaments

because they were able to benefit from cheaper tariff-free raw material imports

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17
Q

what did the Rocco Law of 1926 do?

A

ban all strikes and lockouts

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18
Q

what was the Corporate State?

A

each industry would have a corporation which would have both employers and fascist trade unions (which represented the workers)

they would discuss conflicts of pay and working conditions

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19
Q

what was set up to deal with major disagreements in corporations?

A

a labour court which was administered by the Ministry of Corporations

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20
Q

who was in charge of the Ministry of Corporations?

A

Bottai

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21
Q

what was the Corporate State composed of?

A

Ministry of Corporations
Fascist trade unions
Confindustria

third way between workers and employers

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22
Q

why were Confindustria become frustrated by the Corporate State?

A

gave more power and recognition to Fascist Trade unions
wanted businessmen to be in charge of industry

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23
Q

what was the Charter for Labour in 1927?

A

a statement of intent from Mussolini which sided with Confindustria

private business was deemed the most appropriate method of business
employers were given more freedom over change to working hours and conditions

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24
Q

was the Charter for Labour successful?

A

nope
was clearly a way to win over more support from the industrialists

did little to improve the rights of workers

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25
Q

what happened to the Fascist syndicates in 1928?

A

they were split into 6 parts

their leader Rossoni was removed

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26
Q

how many corporations were there by 1934?

A

22

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27
Q

on paper what were these corporations supposed to be able to do?

A

fix the price of goods
settle industrial disputes
advise govt economic policy

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28
Q

what did these corporations actually do?

A

nothing
employers were represented in discussions
HOWEVER
workers were NOT

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29
Q

who represented workers in the corporations?

A

Fascist trade unions led by fascist officials appointed by Mussolini

meant that Mussolini could decide the outcome of industrial disputes

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30
Q

who did the Fascist trade unions often side with in industrial disputes?

A

the employers

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31
Q

when did Fascist trade unions side with the workers?

A

over sick pay and paid national holidays

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32
Q

in what ways was the Corporate State a success?

A

it had created jobs for loyal fascists who could work in the fascist trade unions

it was good propaganda:
showed that Mussolini had created the ‘third way’ which had supposedly put an end to all employer-employee conflict

did improve working conditions:
sick pay
paid national holidays

led to more government intervention and control over industry

pleased the industrialists

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33
Q

in what ways was the Corporate State a failure?

A

WAS A FACADE

did nothing to improve the rights of workers
sided with Confindustria in most disputes

employer-employee conflict WAS NEVER SOLVED, instead it was suppressed

showed weakness of Mussolini in dealing with Confindustria:
had managed to put itself in a powerful position from which it was untouchable

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34
Q

when was the Wall Street Crash?

A

October 1929

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35
Q

what impacts did the WSC have on the Italian economy?

A

many Italian companies and banks collapsed

production fell

unemployment rose

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36
Q

how much did car production fall after the WSC?

A

50%

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37
Q

unemployment in Italy 1929

A

500,000

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38
Q

unemployment in Italy 1933

A

2 million

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39
Q

what did the government encourage to deal with the Depression?

A

price fixing
cartelisation

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40
Q

by how much were the wages of worker’s cuts in 1930?

A

12%

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41
Q

why was cartelisation a success?

A

mergers between larger and smaller companies reduced competition as well as allowing for the fixation of prices to reduce costs

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42
Q

how did the government deal with rising unemployment?

A

public work schemes
building roads, houses and electrifying the railway

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43
Q

how many km of railway were electrified thanks to public work schemes?

A

5000km

44
Q

what was the IMI?

A

state funded loans to Italian banks which allowed them to stay afloat

45
Q

how many lire did the IMI scheme fund through loans?

A

5 billion lire

46
Q

what was the IRI?

A

government bought shares in banking, industry and commerce to prevent companies from going bankrupt and collapsing

47
Q

how much of Italian industry became state-owned?

A

20%

48
Q

by 1939 which industries were mainly state-owned?

A

shipbuilding
electricity
steel work

49
Q

example of an Italian ship built

A

SS Rex

50
Q

why were the IMI and IRI both successful?

A

both served as examples of govt intervention which saved both banks and industry

ensured that the Italian people could be confident in the economy

51
Q

how was the response to the Depression a success?

A

had ensured that Italian companies and banks were kept afloat through IMI and IRI

dealt with the rise in unemployment through public work schemes

through cartelisation companies were able to develop and grow

increased state intervention gave Mussolini more power over industry, something he needed in order to prepare for war

52
Q

how was the response to the Depression a failure?

A

IRI and IMI schemes were VERY EXPENSIVE

govt had to raise taxes to 20%

53
Q

what was Autarky?

A

economic self-sufficiency

54
Q

why did Mussolini think Autarky was important?

A

the Great Depression led to a decline in overseas trade in Italy

the Invasion of Abyssinia led to the League of Nations imposing economic sanctions

Mussolini wanted to prepare for an increasingly likely world war

55
Q

in what ways did economic policy conduct Autarky?

A

bilateral agreements

devaluing of the Lira

expansion of IRI

56
Q

bilateral agreements

A

ensured that the value of imports strictly matched the value of exports

meant that Italy did not have to use currency or gold to pay

57
Q

devaluing the Lira

A

October 1936

boosted Italian export industry as Italian good became more cheaper to purchase

58
Q

expansion of IRI

A

govt took control of more private firms and encouraged these firms to seek raw materials and energy from the Italian Empire

also encouraged the production of substitutes

59
Q

under Autarky how much of ship-building came under govt control?

A

80%

60
Q

substitute to wool

A

Lanital

61
Q

substitute to cotton

A

Rayon

62
Q

what were the limits to achieving Autarky?

A

Mussolini needed oil, coal and iron in order to sustain a war industry

these raw materials were not found in Italy and so needed to be imported (defeating the purpose of Autarky)

63
Q

how much lire was spent on Autarkic measures by 1938?

A

60 billion lire

64
Q

why was the economy unable to balance the Autarkic expenditure and revenue?

A

Mussolini was unwilling to increase taxes in order to ensure popularity

thus other, less effective methods were used to balance the books

65
Q

how was Autarky a failure?

A

it failed in Mussolini’s aims to make Italy self-sufficient for a major war

it was costing the govt too much to maintain

complete Autarky was not even established with the need for oil, iron and coal meaning imports were still occuring

66
Q

how was Autarky a success?

A

greater government intervention meant companies could be aligned towards war production

development of synthetic alternatives for raw materials

bilateral agreements and the devaluing of the Lira did help Italian businesses grow

67
Q

when was the Battle for Births announced?

A

May 1927

68
Q

what was the aim of the Battle for Births?

A

to encourage Italians to increase their family size

69
Q

what was the target populating by 1960?

A

60 million

70
Q

for what reasons did Mussolini want a larger population?

A

economic
military

71
Q

economic reasons

A

larger population increases competition for employment and thus keep wages loaw

also increases the consumer market

72
Q

military reasons

A

Mussolini wanted a larger army which he believed could only be achieved through a larger population

73
Q

which group did the Battle for Births mainly appeal to?

A

the Catholics

natalism was something the RCC encouraged heavily with the role of women as a mother very important

74
Q

what were given to families with a large number of children?

A

tax reductions
loans
prizes from Mussolini himself

75
Q

what was the Bachelor’s Tax?

A

tax on men who were not married

put pressure on unmarried men to get married and have children

76
Q

who were more likely to get a government job?

A

married men with families

77
Q

how were maternal duties promoted in Italy?

A

contraception and birth control were banned

women’s employment in industry was opposed by lowering their wages

78
Q

why were women still being employed in Italy?

A

by lowering the wages for women, companies started letting go men and employing women to save money

poorer women also preferred to keep working for income

79
Q

proportion of married females in employment

A

33%

80
Q

birth rate in 1911

A

147

81
Q

birth rate in 1936

A

112

82
Q

why was the Battle for Births a failure?

A

BIRTH RATE WENT DOWN

target of 60 million was never reached

women were still being employed with Italy having the 2nd largest women workforce in Europe

83
Q

when was the Battle for Grain announced?

A

July 1925

84
Q

what was the aim of the Battle for Grain?

A

to free Italy from the slavery of foreign bread

a major Autarkical policy

85
Q

how were foreign wheat imports discouraged?

A

introduction of wheat tariffs

86
Q

how was wheat production increased?

A

farmers were subsidised by the state
education on new farming techniques
state provided fertilisers, machinery and resistant seeds

87
Q

how much did wheat production increase by in northern and central Italy?

A

50%

88
Q

which valley was key to Italian grain production?

A

Po Valley

89
Q

what crops were sidelined in favour of wheat?

A

olives and tomatoes

loss of export market

90
Q

did the Battle for Grain extend to the south?

A

nope

91
Q

how much more extra Lira were the Italian people spending on food?

A

400 lira

92
Q

how was the Battle for Grain a success?

A

had increased Italian grain production (major propaganda success)

major reform to agriculture with more efficient farming

did lead to self-sufficiency of grain (grain imports dropped by 75%)

93
Q

how was the Battle for Grain a failure?

A

the agricultural reform did not extend to the south

valuable crops like olives and tomatoes were neglected so major export industries were lost

caused the cost of living to go up

WAS SUCCESSFUL FOR GRAIN BUT SHIT FOR EVERYTHING ELSE

94
Q

what was the Battle for Land?

A

ruralisation
major land reclamation and improvement project

95
Q

what were the aims of the Battle for Land?

A

to increase arable land in Italy
prevent over-migration into cities through ruralism

96
Q

what was the Empty the Cities campaign?

A

campaign in 1928 to prevent migration from rural areas to cities

97
Q

what was Bonfica Integrale?

A

massive land reclamation and improvement

wanted to create more arable and accessible land for peasants

98
Q

examples of Bonfica Integrale

A

marsh draining
irrigation
road building
house building

99
Q

example of major land reclamation

A

Pontine Marshes were drained and farms were set up
50km of land

100
Q

by how much had malaria been reduced by draining the marshes?

A

50%

101
Q

who benefitted the most from the Battle for Land?

A

land-owners NOT the peasants

land-owners now had more land to own as well as better facilities

led to more larger farming estates

102
Q

why was the Battle for Land an example of Mussolini neglecting the north-south problem?

A

poor farmers in the south were not able to benefit from land reclamation schemes with the south again being neglected

AND
they could no longer move to the USA as they shut their borders in 1920

103
Q

how many Italians actually left rural areas?

A

500,000

104
Q

how was the Battle for Land a success?

A

it had reclaimed land for more farming

improved Italian infrastructure through Bonfica Integrale

created thousands of jobs for the unemployed

increased the health of the Italian people (malaria)

was a major propaganda success

105
Q

how was the Battle for Land a failure?

A

further exemplified the north-south divide

landowners took more power

RUM was still happening with Rome’s population doubling

only 5% of the land claimed to be improved was actually improved

Italy History A-Level (20 decks)

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