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Italy History A-Level > M3- Consent and Control > Flashcards

M3- Consent and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

what were the first fascist youth groups?

A

Fascist Youth Front
Balilla

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2
Q

why were early fascist youth groups ineffective?

A

they were poorly structured and had to compete with the youth groups of other political parties

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3
Q

by 1924 how many children were involved in fascist youth groups?

A

3000

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4
Q

what was the ONB?

A

Opera Nazionale Balilla

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5
Q

when was the ONB set up?

A

April 1926

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6
Q

what was the goal of the ONB?

A

to provide for the physical and moral benefit of youth through the education of boys aged 8 to 18

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7
Q

what were the male contingents of the ONB?

A

Figli della Lupa
Balilla
Avanguardisti

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8
Q

Figli della Lupa

A

ages 6 to 8

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9
Q

Balilla

A

ages 8 to 14

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10
Q

Avanguardisti

A

ages 14 to 17

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11
Q

what were the female contingents of the ONB?

A

Figlie della Lupa
Piccole Italiane
Giovane Italiane

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12
Q

Figlie della Lupa

A

ages 6 to 8

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13
Q

Piccole Italiane

A

ages 8 to 14

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14
Q

Giovane Italiane

A

ages 14 to 17

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15
Q

who controlled the ONB?

A

the Ministry of National Education

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16
Q

when was the Ministry of National Education set up?

A

1929

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17
Q

what was the aim of the Ministry of National Education?

A

oversee scholarly and physical education of young Italians

to create a loyal and physically strong generation of fascists

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18
Q

at which ages was the ONB compulsory?

A

ages 6 to 11

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19
Q

when was the ONB made compulsory for 11+?

A

1939

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20
Q

what were the downsides of not having an ONB membership?

A

made it difficult to get into higher education

prevented employment in civil service

made you seem to be anti-fascist

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21
Q

what were the benefits of ONB membership?

A

got access to jobs and scholarships

it was a helpful youth organisation

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22
Q

what was the only other youth organisation in Fascist Italy?

A

Catholic Action

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23
Q

how many ONB members by 1937?

A

7 million

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24
Q

what did boys do in the ONB?

A

sports and military training
- wrestling
- shooting
- marching
to prepare them for life in the armed forces

told to swear loyalty to Mussolini

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25
Q

what did girls do in the ONB?

A

gymnastics and motherly training
- sewing
- child care

make mothers who could bear healthy children

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26
Q

what did school teach about Italian history?

A

compared great heroes such as Caeser with Mussolini (modern day embodiment)

showed how poorly treated Italians were in WW1 and how the fascists saved Italy from a communist revolution

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27
Q

when was it made compulsory for Italian teachers to join the PNF?

A

1933

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28
Q

how many textbooks were banned by the fascists for being anti-fascist?

A

101

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29
Q

what youth organisation was run in universities?

A

the GUF
did the same things as ONB but more mature:
- debate competitions
- cultural competitions

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30
Q

what was seen to be the MAIN reason why young people were motivated to get involved in the ONB?

A

for the enjoyable social experience it provided as you were able to be outdoors and play sport instead of being in a classroom

also parents saw the importance of membership for their child’s future ambitions

IT WAS NOT BECAUSE OF A BELIEF IN FASCISM

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31
Q

why did the ONB and education struggle in the south?

A

education was only compulsory until the age of 11

and after that many boys would immediately work in agriculture which made participation in youth groups difficult

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32
Q

what did a PNF survey in 1937 show about girls’ interests in the ONB?

A

they were more interested in the fun activities the boys were doing

many girls did not enjoy the motherly education which was being provided

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33
Q

what showed that the ONB was successful in producing loyal fascists?

A

most Italians who fought in WW2 were young men who would have gone through the fascist youth system

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34
Q

what showed that the ONB was unsuccessful in producing loyal fascists?

A

many Italians who fought as partisans in the anti-fascist movement were predominantly young so they had also gone through the same youth system

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35
Q

why is it difficult to tell if the ONB and education in Fascist Italy was successful in indoctrination?

A

hard to tell if children were ready to die for Mussolini and fully endorsed in Fascist beliefs
OR
they were just enjoying the activities provided

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36
Q

what was the OND?

A

Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro

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37
Q

when was the OND set up?

A

1925

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38
Q

what were the activities which the OND provide?

A

leisurely activities for workers:
- bars
- billiard halls
- football teams
- plays and concerts
- films

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39
Q

where were OND activities held?

A

in local clubhouses which had a recreation ground

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40
Q

what added benefits did OND membership provide?

A
  • rail ticket discounts
  • worker welfare
  • social insurance
  • subsidised holidays
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41
Q

what was the most popular aspect of the OND?

A

the subsidised holidays

workers could take their families to the beach, mountain retreats or sporting events for no cost

42
Q

by 1939 how many OND members were there?

A

4 million

43
Q

what % of state and private workers were members of the OND?

A

80%

44
Q

was there any fascist involvement in the OND?

A

NO
the PNF intended not to get involved in the OND so there was no form of indoctrination involved

45
Q

how was the OND a success for Mussolini?

A

it generated huge popularity and support for him

workers were grateful for the benefits it provided

46
Q

how was the OND a failure for Mussolini?

A

many joined because of the services it provided
few joined because of the fascist movement

Mussolini was pushed by the PNF to implement more fascism in the OND but he declined

47
Q

what was Mussolini’s view on control through the OND?

A

he saw participation BY THE MASSES more important than ideological indoctrination TO THE FEW

he did not want to discourage the Italian people to refrain from getting involved
wanted full popular support

48
Q

when was press censorship introduced in law?

A

in the Leggi Fascistissime
December 1925

49
Q

what powers did the Prefects hold with press censorship?

A

confiscate editions of a newspaper or magazine
suspend publication
replace editors
shut down newspapers

50
Q

which newspapers were shut down?

A

Avanti
L’Unita

all left-wing newspapers were closed

51
Q

how were journalists controlled by the regime?

A

all journalists had to be incorporated into a fascist union which controlled access to jobs and promotions

this led to self-censorship:
many journalists wrote positive work on Mussolini and fascism in the hope of retaining their jobs or being promoted

52
Q

what were journalists told not to write about and why?

A

stories on crime, suicides or traffic incidents

did not want the global fascist image of Italy to be disturbed

53
Q

what showed that Mussolini intended more for press control than banning all newspapers?

A

his fascist newspaper was less popular than the other Italian newspapers

54
Q

what was the fascist newspaper?

A

Popolo d’Italia

55
Q

what was the most popular newspaper in Italy?

A

Corriere della Sera

56
Q

what was given to newspapers who wrote positive stories on fascism?

A

increased subsidies

57
Q

why was Mussolini successful with press censorship?

A

he had created a positive image of the PNF and himself in the press

the Italian people were never exposed to anti-fascist material

journalists and editors were completely controlled by the state

58
Q

what was the main intention of fascist propaganda?

A

to mobilise support for Mussolini and transform the Italian people into true facsists

59
Q

why was the symbol of Rome an important aspect of propaganda?

A

showed the greatness of the city of Rome and the connotations to the Roman Empire were heavily portrayed

it was stressed that the Italian people were heirs to the greatest empire in history

60
Q

what did Mussolini do to Rome’s buildings?

A

removed all medieval buildings so that the classical buildings could be seen better

61
Q

what was held in Rome in 1937?

A

a massive exhibition for the 2000th anniversary of Augustus

62
Q

how many people visited the 1937 Rome exhibition?

A

over a million

63
Q

who did propaganda associate Mussolini with?

A

Mussolini was portrayed to be the heir to Augustus

Mussolini was rebuilding Italy as a great power- the same as Augustus had done

64
Q

in what years did Italy win the World Cup?

A

1934 and 1938

used to show Italian dominance in sport
shows of supremacy

65
Q

when was the Ministry of Popular Culture set up?

A

1937

66
Q

why was the Ministry of Popular Culture a failure?

A

failed to use modern forms of mass media such as film to spread propaganda

67
Q

why was there a lack of fascist support Southern Italians through propaganda?

A

there was little mass media in the south which meant the fascist message was difficult to spread

68
Q

concl on fascist propaganda

A

was widely accepted by the Italian people as there wasn’t really an alternative

HOWEVER failed to evolve into a modern and well organised propaganda outfit which limited its success in Italy

69
Q

what was the cult of il Duce?

A

image propagated in posters, cinema news reels and radio which portrayed Mussolini as a great leader

almost God like image

70
Q

how many pictures of Mussolini were circulated?

A

30 million

71
Q

what did propaganda portray Mussolini as?

A

strong
physically fit
intelligent
charismatic
sexy
dynamic
family man

72
Q

what was evidence that the cult of il Duce was real?

A

the PNF was never really popular
BUT
Mussolini was INCREDIBLY popular amongst Italian people

Mussolini was seen as above the party and state

73
Q

concl on cult of il Duce

A

was EXTREMELY powerful in winning the support of the Italian people who saw him as a GOD

however
it can be argued that Mussolini’s image was more popular than fascism itself which perhaps shows the Italian regime as Mussolinism

Mussolini himself believed in this cult which would explain his aggressive approach to FP

74
Q

when was the National Institute of Fascist Culture set up?

A

1926

75
Q

what did the National Institute of Fascist Culture do?

A

organised cultural events
free concerts
publications to encourage Fascism

76
Q

what was Film City?

A

a state funded art film production complex

77
Q

how was the PNF involved in cinema?

A

all Italian films were funded by the PNF

78
Q

when was the Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution?

A

1932 to celebrate 10 years since March on Rome

79
Q

how many Italians visited the Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution?

A

4 million

80
Q

did Mussolini try to control art?

A

nope
fascist art was allowed to be modern and experimental

all it had to do was correspond to the ideals of fascism

81
Q

what were new fascist buildings based on?

A

a neo-classical Roman style

82
Q

examples of popular Italian films

A

Luciano Serra
Pilot

83
Q

how much of an influence did Hollywood have in Italy?

A

87% of box-office revenue came from Hollywood-produced films

84
Q

was Fascist culture influential in spreading fascism?

A

NO
it never focussed on the key messages of fascism and instead looked to portray the PNF and Mussolini positively

85
Q

when were all political parties banned in Italy?

A

1926
as a part of the Leggi Fascistissimme

86
Q

who was the death penalty used for?

A

anyone who tried to assassinate the King or Mussolini
anyone who threatened state security

87
Q

what was Confino?

A

exile to remote areas of Italy

88
Q

why was Confino devastating?

A

it was seen as dangerous to employ anyone who had returned from Confino

families of prisoners faced discrimination in society

89
Q

when was the Political Police division set up?

A

late 1926

90
Q

how did the Political Police work?

A

used a network of spies in Italy and abroad to track down and infiltrate antifascist organisations

91
Q

when were the Rosselli brothers assassinated?

A

June 1937 in Paris

92
Q

when was the OVRA formed?

A

1927

93
Q

what was the OVRA used for?

A

to spy on the Italian people and stamp down on domestic antifascist activity

94
Q

how many OVRA informers in Italy?

A

5000

95
Q

what did OVRA spies infiltrate to get intel?

A

universities
businesses
fascist unions

96
Q

what did the Special Reserve Service do?

A

examine Italian mail and listen to phone calls

97
Q

who was Chief of Police in Italy?

A

Arturo Bocchini

98
Q

how many Italians did Bocchini have a file on?

A

130,000

99
Q

how many Italians were sent to Confino?

A

10,000§

100
Q

how many death sentences were carried out before WW2?

A

9

101
Q

where did most socialists escape to?

A

Paris

102
Q

concl on use of repression

A

VERY SUCCESSFUL

the work of Bocchini and Mussolini had suppressed all opposition to the PNF

opposition was either apprehended and shut down or they fled the country

was even successful abroad with the Rosselli brothers

only 9 death sentences shows the lack of serious opposition to the PNF

the work of the OVRA in surveillance meant that threats could be ascertained early on

Italy History A-Level (20 decks)

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