M3: PLANT CELLS AND TISSUES Flashcards
are EUKARYOTIC CELLS or cells with a MEMBRANE-BOUND NUCLEUS.
PLANT CELLS
the DNA in a plant cell is housed within ____ that is enveloped by a membrane
NUCLEUS
_________ have a WIDE RANGE OF RESPONSIBILITIES that include everything from producing hormones and enzymes to providing energy for a plant cell.
ORGANELLES
tiny cellular structures
ORGANELLES
which is larger: plant cells or animal cells?
PLANT CELLS
structures that are only found in plant cell
cell wall, a large vacuole, and plastids
assist in STORING and HARVESTING needed substances for the plant
PLASTIDS (chloroplasts)
structures that are only found in animal cells
centrioles, lysosomes, and cilia and flagella
thin, SEMI-PERMEABLE membrane SURROUNDS THE CYTOPLASM of a cell, enclosing its contents.
CELL MEMBRANE / PLASMA MEMBRANE
RIGID OUTER COVERING of the cell PROTECTS the plant cell and GIVES IT SHAPE.
CELL WALL
the SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS in a plant cell. They contain CHLOROPHYLL, a green pigment that absorbs energy from sunlight.
CHLOROPLAST
a GREEN PIGMENT that absorbs energy from sunlight.
CHLOROPHYLL
The GEL-LIKE SUBSTANCE within the cell membrane is known as ______. It contains water, enzymes, salts, organelles, and various organic molecules.
CYTOPLASM
NETWORK OF FIBERS throughout the cytoplasm helps the cell MAINTAIN ITS SHAPE and gives support to the cell.
CYTOSKELETON
an extensive network of membranes
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
synthesizes proteins and lipids.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
ER with ribosomes
ROUGH ER
ER without ribosomes
SMOOTH ER
responsible for MANUFACTURING, storing and SHPPING (PACKAGING) certain cellular products including proteins.
GOLGI BODIES / GOLGI APPARATUS / GOLGI COMPLEX
These HOLLOW RODS function primarily to help support and shape the cell. They are important for CHROMOSOME MOVEMENT in mitosis and meiosis, as well as cytosol movement within a cell.
MICROTUBULES
GENERATE ENERGY for the cell by converting glucose (produced by photosynthesis) and oxygen to ATP. This process is known as respiration.
MITOCHONDRIA
structure within the nucleus helps in the SYNTHESIS OF RIBOSOMES
NUCLEOLUS
TINY HOLES within the nuclear membrane allow nucleic acids and proteins to move into and out of the nucleus.
NUCLEOPORE
tiny, single membrane bound structures that contain enzymes which PRODUCE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE as a by-product. These structures are involved in plant processes such as PHOTORESPIRATION.
PEROXISOMES
play an important role in both CATABOLIC AND ANABOLIC pathways in plants. _____ BREAK THE FATTY ACID into succinate in lipid rich seeds like castor bean.
GLYOXYSOMES
These PORES OR CHANNELS are found BETWEEN PLANT CELL WALLS and allow molecules and communication signals to pass between individual plant cells.
PLASMODESMATA
Consisting of RNA and proteins, ribosomes are responsible for PROTEIN ASSEMBLY. They can be found either attached to the rough ER or free in the cytoplasm.
RIBOSOMES
This plant cell organelle PROVIDES SUPPORT for and participates in a variety of cellular functions including storage, detoxification, protection, and growth. When a plant cell matures, it typically contains one large liquid-filled _____.
VACUOLE
occurs in various shapes and size. They are differentiated based on their composition and shape.
CRYSTALS
fine, NEEDLE LIKE crystals OCCURING SINGLY OR IN CLUSTER, scattered, or ENCLOSED IN A SAC as in gabi or other succulent plants
RAPHIDE
PRISM-LIKE or DIAMOND-LIKE crystals found in leaves of begonia or bangka bangkaan
PRISMATIC
FLOWERLIKE appearance in santan and stem of kutsarita plant
ROSETTE
KNIFE-LIKE, tapering at both ends
STYLOID
GRAPELIKE as seen in HYPODERMAL CELL of leaf of an Indian rubber tree or ampalaya like plant.
CYSTOLITH
Calcium oxalate (CaC2O4):
RAPHIDE
PRISMATIC
ROSETTE
STYLOID
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3):
CYSTOLITH
STACKS OF FLATTENED DISCS OR VESICLES that may be scattered throughout the cytoplasm
DICTYOSOMES
involved in the MODIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES attached to proteins that are synthesized and packaged in the endoplasmic reticulum
DICTYOSOMES
necessary to STORE STARCH and to CARRY OUT THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PLASTIDS
HETEROGENOUS, COCLORED PLASTIDS which is responsible for PIGMENT SYNTHESIS and for storage in photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms
CHROMOPLASTS
red, orange, yellow-colored pigments which provide color to all ripe fruits and flowers
CHROMOPLASTS
the FLUID WITHIN THE CHLOROPLAST that comprises circular DNA
STROMA
CORKSCREW-LIKE RIBBONS SHAPE; cells of the green algae
SPIROGYRA
BRACELET-SHAPED chloroplasts: other green algae
ULOTHRIX
they help in the TRANSPORT OF WATER and minerals from the roots to the leaves and other parts of the plants
XYLEM
they TRANSPORT FOOD prepared by the leaves to different parts of the plant
PHLOEM
the process in which LIGHT ENERGY is converted to chemical energy in the form of sugars
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
STORES ENERGY FROM THE SUN through the form of ATP and NADPH
LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION
can be organized into three basic stages: fixation, reduction, and regeneration
CALVIN CYCLE REACTIONS
ATP
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
NADPH
NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE
THREE BASIC TYPES OF PLANT TISSUE
PARENCHYMA
COLLENCHYMA
SCLERENCHYMA
TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES
MERISMATIC
PERMANENT (NON-MERISMATIC)
analogous to stem cells in animals; undifferentiated continue to divide and CONTRIBUTE TO THE GROWTH OF THE PLANT
(constantly dividing)
MERISMATIC TISSUE
consist of plant cells that are NO LONGER ACTIVELY DIVIDING
PERMANENT TISSUE
___ produce cells that quickly differentiate, or specialize, and become permanent tissue
MERISTEMS
meristems produce cells that quickly differentiate, or specialize, and become ______ tissue
PERMANENT
3 MAIN TISSUE TYPES
DERMAL
VASCULAR
GROUND TISSUE
OUTERMOST LAYER of any plant organ with primary growth
EPIDERMIS
specialized cells that are present in the epidermis
GUARD CELLS of the stomata
the OUTWARD GROWTH of epidermal cells is known as
EPIDERMAL HAIR OR TRICHOME
the epidermis produces a waxy material called
CUTICLE
prevents water loss by transpiration
EPIDERMIS
the LEAST SPECIALIZED PERMANENT TISSUE composed of living thin-walled cells
PARENCHYMA
these cells help to synthesize and STORE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS in the plant
PARENCHYMA
the MIDDLE TISSUE LAYER of leaves that is composed of parenchyma cells; this layer contains plant CHLOROPLASTS
MESOPHYLL
ELONGATED CYLINDRICAL CELLS with long axis at the right angle to the surface of the organ
CHLORENCHYMA
specialized for gas exchange
AERENCHYMA
ONE TYPE CELL
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
have a support function in plants, particularly in YOUNGER PLANTS
COLLENCHYMA CELLS
help to support plants while not restraining growth. these cells are elongated in shape and have thick primary cell walls composed of carbohydrate polymers cellulose and pectin
COLLENCHYMA CELLS
they are able to stretch along with a plant as it grows
COLLENCHYMA CELLS
collenchyma cells are found in the ____ of stems
CORTEX
a layer between the epidermis and vascular tissue
CORTEX
have a HARDENING AGENT in their cell walls and are much more RIGID
SCHLERENCHYMA
have varied sizes and shapes, and most volume of these cells is taken up by the cell wall
SCLEREIDS
elongated, SLENDER CELLS that are STRAND-LIKE in appearance. these are STRONG and FLEXIBLE and are found in stems, roots, fruit walls, and leaf vascular bundles
FIBERS
the OUTER IMPERMEABLE protective layer of a secondary plant body
CORK
composed of compactly arranged DEAD LIGNIFIED and suberized cells WITHOUT INTERCELLULAR SPACES
CORK
has a hardening agent in the TISSUE that makes it rigid and capable of functioning in STRUCTURAL SUPPORT AND TRANSPORTATION
XYLEM
TRANSPORT WATER throughout the plant
XYLEM
ONE OR MORE / DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS
COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE
stacks of coins with double membranes
GRANA (singular: granum)
liquid portion of the chloroplast; a colorless fluid matrix
STROMA
if exposed to light, some ___ wil develop into chloroplasts, and vice versa
LEUCOPLAST
they are found in the NON-PHOTOSYNTHETIS tissue of plants. used for storage of protein, lipids, and starch
LEUCOPLAST
contains chlorophyll
CHLOROPLAST
contains carotenoids
CHROMOPLAST
no pigment
LEUCOPLAST
a membrane that SURROUNDS the CENTRAL VACUOLE
TONOPLAST
its vital function apart from storage is to SUSTAIN TURGOR PRESSURE AGAINST THE CELL WALL
CENTRAL VACUOLE
the central vacuole consists of
CELL SAP
sicentific name:
strangleworth
CYNANCHUM ACUTUM
cells that can provide structural support for tissues while maintaining FLEXIBILITY
COLLENCHYMA CELLS
two types of sclerenchyma cells
SCLEREIDS AND FIBERS
composed of different kind of cells but perform the same function.
COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE
resembleOPEN-ENDED TUBES that are arranged end to end allowing water to flow within the tubes
VESSEL ELEMENTS
have hardened secondary cell walls and function in water conduction
TRACHEIDS
specialized parenchyma cells that carry out metabolic functions for sieve tube elements
COMPANION CELLS
Phloem also contains ____ cells that provide structural support by increasing RIGIDITY and FLEXIBILITY.
SCLERENCHYMA
The cells of _______ have few organelles allowing for easier passage of nutrients
SEIVE TUBE ELEMENTS
Three main types in angiosperms
apical, intercalary and lateral
A structure known as the _____ DUPLICATES ITSELF to form two daughter ___ that migrate to opposite ends of the cell.
CENTROSOMES
The centrosomes organize the production of microtubules that form the spindle fibers that constitute the ______
MITOTIC SPINDLE
Each replicated chromosome can now be seen to consist of two identical _____ (or sister _____)
CHROMATIDS
chromatids are held together by
CENTROMERE
equatorial plane in the mid-line of the cell
METAPHASE PLATE
Individual spindle fibers bind to a ____ structure on each side of the centromere.
KINETOCHORE
final stage of mitosis
TELOPHASE
final cellular division to form two new cells
CYTOKINESIS
sex cells division
MEIOSIS
