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Bio Questions. > M2. U5. RF. > Flashcards

M2. U5. RF. Flashcards

Excretion

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3

A

66% water passively reabsorbed

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2
Q

Dialysis

A
  • blood leaves artery in arm to vein in same arm
  • add heparin - prevent clotting
  • blood circulates through tubes with selectively permeable walls
  • membranes keep protein and blood cells in
  • tubes make large SA
  • dialysis fluid - NB components of blood - flows opposite blood around tubes
  • counter-current system - max exchange of substance
  • excess substance in blood diffuses into dialysis fluid
  • dialysis fluid replenishes lacking blood components
  • steep concen. gradient for waste into fluid - needs replacing
  • blood circulates several times per 1 treatment
  • 6 hours
  • before re-entering body, blood filters to lose bubbles
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3
Q

12

A

urine

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4
Q

the second convoluted part of the renal tubule

A

distal convoluted tubule

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5
Q

the blood vessel which carries oxygenated blood rich in metabolic waste products to the kidney

A

renal artery

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6
Q

1

A

malpighian body

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7
Q

specialised cells with filtration slits out of which the inner wall of the bowman’s capsule consists

A

podocytes

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8
Q

C

A

medulla

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9
Q

the hormone which regulates the water content of the blood

A

ADH or antidiuretic hormone

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10
Q

13

A

medulla

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11
Q

the blood vessel that transports blood to the glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole

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12
Q

H

A

renal artery

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13
Q

8

A

H+

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14
Q

the process in the functioning of the kidney during which foreign substances are actively added to the filtrate

A

tubular excretion

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15
Q

6

A

descending limb of henle

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16
Q

6

A

water and salts reabsorbed

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17
Q

E

A

renal capsule

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18
Q

skin excretes:

A
  • sweat
  • excess water, salts, urea
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19
Q

the process in the functioning of the kidney during which glucose is reabsorbed into the bloodstream

A

tubular reabsorption

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20
Q

B

A

pyramid

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21
Q

4

A

branch of renal vein

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22
Q

9

A

loop of henle

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23
Q

5

A

left kidney

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24
Q

1

A

vena cava inferior

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25
Q

6

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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26
Q

Homeostatic control of blood pH.

A
  • regulate with distal convoluted tubule
  • too low: H+ ions secreted from blood. H+ ions thus leave blood, pH returns to normal
  • too high: fewer H+ ions secreted from blood.
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27
Q

11

A

impermeable to water

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28
Q

the hormone which regulates the concentration of sodium ions of the blood

A

aldosterone

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29
Q

adaptations of the proximal convoluted tubule for reabsorption

A
  • long and convoluted - SA
  • peritubular cap. network surrounding renal tubule
  • lining cells contain mitochondria
  • also have microvilli
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30
Q

F

A

calyx

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31
Q

kidneys receive oxygenated blood from:

A

renal arteries.

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32
Q

4

A

glomerulus

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33
Q

2

A

efferent arteriole

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34
Q

9

A

distal convoluted tubule

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35
Q

renal pelvis

A

the renal calyces open into this.

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36
Q

Tube connecting the bladder to the kidneys

A

ureter

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37
Q

adaptations of the malpighian body for filtation.

A
  • afferent wider than efferent
  • capillary network of glomerulus - large surface area
  • bowman’s capsule c-shaped - large SA
  • endothelial layer of caps.
  • podocyte layer of bowman’s capsule
  • endothelial layer has pores
  • podocytes have filtration slits
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38
Q

Homeostatic control of blood salt concentration.

A
  • aldestorone from adrenal gland regulates blood salt concentration
  • too low: adrenal cortex secretes more aldestorone. more sodium reabsorbed into blood. blood sodium concentration increases - decreases in urine.
  • too high: less aldestorone. fewer sodium ions reabsorbed. blood sodium concentration decreases - more in urine.
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39
Q

9

A

K+

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40
Q

the part of the renal tubule which extends down into the medulla and forms a hairpin loop

A

loop of henle

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41
Q

3

A

afferent arteriole

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42
Q

external structure of the kidney.

A
  • concave side faces vertebral column
  • hilum - renal artery and vein arrive and leave; ureter leaves
  • enclosed in fat
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43
Q

10

A

passive reabsorption of water

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44
Q

the first convoluted part of the renal tubule

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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45
Q

Kidney stones

A
  • when nitrogenous waste and salts don’t dissolve
  • solid crystals
  • can block ureter
  • can be broken by ultrasound waves
  • or surgery
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46
Q

the removal of metabolic waste from the body

A

excretion

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47
Q

1

A

glomerulus

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48
Q

the structural and functional units of the kidney

A

nephrons

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49
Q

12

A

cortex

50
Q

G

A

ureter

51
Q

the removal of undigested substances

A

egestion

52
Q

liver and intestines excrete:

A
  • liver excretes urea, bile
  • urea transported through blood to kidneys
  • bile pigments excreted as bile salts through faeces
53
Q

the part of the kidney directly below the renal capsule

A

cortex

54
Q

a chemical substance that resists pH changes

A

buffer

55
Q

7

A

efferent arteriole

56
Q

the sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell

A

metabolism

57
Q

the widened region of the ureter into which the renal calyces open

A

renal pelvis

58
Q

the Duct into which the distal renal tubules of a number of nephrons open

A

collecting duct

59
Q

functions of the kidney

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular excretion

60
Q

Bilharzia

A
  • schistosoma parasite
  • bleeding in gut or bladder
  • liver damage, renal failure, bladder cancer
61
Q

1

A

wider afferent arteriole

62
Q

12

A

peritubular capillary network

63
Q

reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule

A
  • gl, A-acids, water soluble vitamins - actively reabsorbed
  • mineral salts and fat soluble vitamins - actively reabsorbed
  • water passively reabsorbed by osmosis
64
Q

renal cortex

A

Under capsule, red brown

65
Q

4

A

water passively withdrawn by osmosis

66
Q

the apex of each pyramid

A

renal papilla

67
Q

a disease where the kidney is so damaged that it can no longer function

A

renal failure

68
Q

4

A

glomerulus

69
Q

renal capsule

A

Protective membrane around kidney.

70
Q

1

A

gl., A-acids, water soluble vitamins fully reabsorbed

71
Q

8

A

proximal convoluted tubule

72
Q

excretory organs

A

kideys and bladder, liver and intestines, skin, lungs

73
Q

medulla

A

Inner region of kidney. lighter. contains tubes which form pyramids facing the cortex

74
Q

lungs excrete:

A
  • CO2
  • water vapour
  • heat
75
Q

2

A

branch of renal artery

76
Q

D

A

renal pelvis

77
Q

the process in the functioning of the kidney that occurs in the malpighian body

A

glomerular filtration

78
Q

5

A

bowman’s capsule

79
Q

a surgical procedure during which the diseased kidney other patient is removed and replaced with a healthy donor kidney

A

kidney transplant

80
Q

the metabolic waste product that is formed in the liver from deamination of excess amino acids

A

urea

81
Q

the structure on the end of the nephron consisting of the glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

A

malpighian body

82
Q

functions of kidney.

A
  • excretion
  • osmoregulation
  • blood salt content
  • blood pH
83
Q

the release of useful substances

A

secretion

84
Q

the process whereby the blood of patients with renal failure is purified artificially by a kidney machine

A

dialysis

85
Q

3

A

afferent arteriole

86
Q

solid crystals that form in the kidneys from nitrogenous waste and mineral salts

A

renal stones

87
Q

3

A

narrower efferent arteriole

88
Q

13

A

ascending limb of henle

89
Q

the connective tissue membrane which surrounds and protects each kidney

A

renal capsule

90
Q

the blood vessel that transports blood away from the glomerulus

A

efferent arteriole

91
Q

the blood vessel which carries deoxygenated blood minus waste products from the kidney

A

renal vein

92
Q

5

A

bowman’s capsule

93
Q

2

A

right kidney

94
Q

3

A

aorta

95
Q

5

A

bowman’s capsule

96
Q

9

A

urethra

97
Q

7

A

ureter

98
Q

11

A

collecting duct

99
Q

renal calyx

A

renal papilla opens into this

100
Q

Renal failure

A
  • disfunctional kidney
  • acute RF: sudden loss of use - injury, overdose
  • chronic RF: develops slowly. caused by diabetes/ high blood pressure. genetic
  • waste and water accumulate in body
  • possibly fatal
101
Q

8

A

bladder

102
Q

deoxygenated blood leaves the kidneys via the:

A

renal vein

103
Q

A

A

cortex

104
Q

10

A

collecting duct

105
Q

7

A

final addition of creatinine and urea

106
Q

11

A

ascending limb of henle

107
Q

6

A

renal vein

108
Q

Osmoregulation

A
  • regulated by ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
  • too low: osmoreceptors stimulated. more ADH secreted into blood. makes dis.con.tub. more permeable to water. more water reabsorbed. urine concentrates. also stimulate thirst. water content rises to normal.
  • too high: osmoreceptors not stimulated. less ADH secreted. dis.con.tub. less permeable to water. less water reabsorbed. urine less concentrated. water content lowers to normal.
109
Q

renal papilla

A

The apex of each pyramid

110
Q

14

A

duct of bellini

111
Q

1

A

vena cava inferior

112
Q

2

A

podocytes

113
Q

Kidneys excrete:

A
  • urine
  • excess water
  • mineral salts
  • nitrogenous wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine)
114
Q

8

A

loop of henle

115
Q

6

A

squamous epithelium

116
Q

7

A

descending limb of henle

117
Q

5

A

Na+ ions actively pumped out

118
Q

a disease that is caused by the schistosoma parasite

A

bilharzia

119
Q

2

A

mineral salts, fat soluble vitamins partially reabsorbed

120
Q

4

A

renal artery

Bio Questions. (11 decks)

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