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M1. U1. RF. Flashcards

Biodiversity and classification of microorganisms.

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The system according to which ask living organisms are classified into monera, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia.

A

Five kingdom system.

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2
Q

Organisms without a true nucleus.

A

Prokaryotes

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3
Q

Organisms with a true nucleus.

A

Eukaryotes

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4
Q

Microscopic forms of life (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists)

A

Microorganisms

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5
Q

Term for organisms causing disease.

A

Pathogens.

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6
Q

Only characteristic of life seen in viruses.

A

Reproduction

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7
Q

Virus that infects a bacterial cell.

A

Bacteriophage

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8
Q

Characteristic of virus indicating it has no true nucleus, cytoplasm, or organelles.

A

Acellular

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9
Q

Parasites like viruses that can only reproduce in living cells.

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

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10
Q

Smallest and simplest living organisms.

A

Bacteria.

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11
Q

Kingdom of bacteria

A

Monera.

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12
Q

Bacteria that only live in the presence of oxygen

A

Aerobic bacteria

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13
Q

Bacteria that can live in the absence of oxygen

A

Anaerobic bacteria.

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14
Q

Four shapes of bacteria.

A

Rod (bacilli), spherical (cocci), spirals (spirilli), comma(vibrio)

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15
Q

Mode of nutrition in bacteria where they produce their own organic substances by photosynthesis.

A

Autotrophic

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16
Q

Type of heterotrophic bacteria that obtain their food from living organisms.

A

Parasitic bacteria

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17
Q

Type of heterotrophic bacteria that obtain their food from dead organic matter.

A

Saprophytic bacteria.

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18
Q

Type of heterotrophic bacteria that live in a symbiotic relationship with another organism where both benefit in the relationship.

A

Mutualistic bacteria

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19
Q

Type of asexual reproduction that occurs in bacteria.

A

Binary fission

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20
Q

Kingdom? Some, protozoans, water moulds, algae.

A

Protista.

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21
Q

The way in which animal like protozoans ingest their food.

A

Phagocytosis

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22
Q

The kingdom to which rhizopus (bread mould) belongs?

A

Fungi

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23
Q

The mass of interwoven filaments which firm the vegetative body of Rhizopus.

A

Mycelium

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24
Q

Characteristic of Rhizopus that indicates that no true roots, stems, or leaves can be distinguished.

A

Thallus

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25
Q

Hyphae of Rhizopus that branch horizontally on the surface of the substrate.

A

Stolons

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26
Q

Branches of the stolon of Rhizopus that penetrates the substrate and anchor the mycelium.

A

Rhizoids

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27
Q

A structure in which asexual spores develope.

A

Sporangium

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28
Q

, disease caused by microorganism.

A

Infectious disease

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29
Q

The most common opportunistic infection and cause of death of many HIV-positive patients

A

TB

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30
Q

a structure in which asexual spores develop

A

sporangium

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31
Q

the phenomenon where hyphae have no cross walls

A

aseptate

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32
Q

a part of an organism that has many nuclei in a common cytoplasm without any cross walls

A

Coenocyte

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33
Q

the mode of life of a fungus that causes athlete’s foot

A

parasitic fungus

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34
Q

process of asexual reproduction occurring in multicellular fungi

A

Spore formation

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35
Q

the first link of a food chain of which autotrophic bacteria form part

A

producers

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36
Q

process during which H2O CO2 ammonia and heat energy are released into the soil water and air and in which bacteria play a role

A

decomposition

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37
Q

nutrient cycle in which free living soil bacteria and nodule bacteria play a role

A

nitrogen cycle

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38
Q

the group of bacteria which converts nitrites into nitrates

A

nitrifying bacteria

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39
Q

the group of bacteria which converts ammonia and nitrates to free nitrogen in the atmosphere

A

Denitrifying bacteria

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40
Q

nitrogen fixing bacteria which live mutualistically in the root nodules of legumes

A

nodule bacteria

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41
Q

bacteria which live mutualistically in the human gut and produce vitamin K

A

Escherichia coli

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42
Q

sexually transmitted disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus

A

AIDS

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43
Q

the immune cells in the human body infected by the HIV virus

A

CD4 cells

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44
Q

conditions that attack the body when the immune system is weak

A

opportunistic infections

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45
Q

the final phase of HIV infection

A

AIDS

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46
Q

drugs that decrease the viral load and give the immune system a chance to recover

A

antiretroviral drugs

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47
Q

an infectious disease caused by the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

tuberculosis

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48
Q

the body fluid in which the bacteria of a TB infected person occurs

A

saliva

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49
Q

medication used to treat TB

A

antibiotics

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50
Q

vaccine against TB for babies given shortly after birth to provide immunity during childhood

A

BCG vaccine

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51
Q

phenomenon where TB bacteria do not respond to medication

A

drug-resistant TB bacteria

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52
Q

bacteria that are even resistant to the medication used to treat mdr TB

A

extreme drug-resistant TB bacteria

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53
Q

a parasitic disease caused by protist of the genus plasmodium

A

malaria

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54
Q

the insect responsible for the transmission of the parasite that causes malaria

A

female Anopheles mosquito

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55
Q

an organism usually an arthropod that transmits a pathogen from one host to another

A

vector

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56
Q

the Vector of the malaria parasite

A

female Anopheles mosquito

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57
Q

the organ in the human body in which Malaria parasites multiply

A

liver

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58
Q

a condition caused by the bursting of red blood cells during multiplication of the Malaria parasites

A

anaemia

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59
Q

a condition which occurs when complications, e.g. cerebral damage, develop due to malaria

A

cerebral malaria

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60
Q

anti malaria drug drive from the back of the cinchona tree

A

Quinine

61
Q

anti-malaria drug derived from a herb artemisia annua

A

Artemisinin

62
Q

pesticide used successfully in the fight against malaria

A

DDT

63
Q

an insecticide treated barrier which hangs from the ceiling and covers the entire bed used to keep out malaria infected mosquitoes

A

mosquito net

64
Q

a fungal infection caused by Candida species

A

candidiasis or thrush

65
Q

part of the human body that is affected by Candida infection

A

mucous membranes or skin

66
Q

when long-term antibiotics are used to this type of medication should be taken to replenish the beneficial bacteria in the alimentary canal

A

probiotics

67
Q

the way in which a plant or animal protects itself from pathogenic viruses bacteria protists and fungi

A

immune response

68
Q

the first line of defence in the absence of immunization against pathogens which enter the body

A

natural immunity

69
Q

immune response occurring when pathogens penetrate the first line of natural immunity

A

acquired immunity response

70
Q

blood cells which destroy pathogens during the acquired immune response

A

white blood cells or leukocytes

71
Q

the only immune response occurring in plants

A

natural immune response

72
Q

natural response in the body when the body temperature increases to prevent the multiplication and spread of pathogens

A

fever

73
Q

two types of white blood cells which play a role in the active immune response

A

lymphocytes and phagocytes

74
Q

two types of lymphocytes which play the most important role in the active immune response

A

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

75
Q

structures formed by b lymphocytes which mock pathogens and cause them to agglutinate and burst

A

antibodies

76
Q

the type of white blood cells that recognise and destroy the body’s cells that are infected by a virus as the antibodies cannot reach the viruses within the host cells

A

t lymphocytes

77
Q

white blood cells that engulf pathogens

A

phagocytes

78
Q

process through which phagocytes engulf pathogens

A

phagocytosis

79
Q

the administration of a vaccine to develop immunity from the disease

A

immunisation

80
Q

dead or weakened form of pathogens used during vaccination

A

vaccine

81
Q

type of naturally acquired immunity obtained by antibodies transferred from mother to foetus through the placenta

A

passive

82
Q

type of naturally acquired immunity obtained through contact with pathogens which stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies

A

Active

83
Q

type of acquired immunity that only developed by deliberate actions like immunisation

A

artificial

84
Q

chemical substances that destroy pathogenic bacteria

A

antibiotics

85
Q

first antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming

A

penicillin

86
Q

genetic changes that result in antibiotic resistant bacteria

A

mutation

87
Q

process through which human insulin is synthetically produced by genetic engineering

A

recombinant DNA technology

88
Q

the new DNA formed when a gene from the DNA of one organism is extracted and inserted into the DNA of another organism

A

recombinant DNA

89
Q

enzymes used in the process of producing insulin to cut the plasmids of E coli bacteria

A

restriction enzymes

90
Q

disease treated with insulin

A

diabetes mellitus

91
Q

ancient ways in which living organisms were used to develop new products

A

traditional biotechnology

92
Q

traditional process used in the production of beer wine and cheese

A

anaerobic respiration or fermentation

93
Q

Classify monera according to its cell structure

A

prokaryotes

94
Q

Classify kingdom protista according to its cell structure

A

eukaryotes

95
Q

Classify kingdom fungi according to its cell structure

A

eukaryotes

96
Q

Classify kingdom plantae according to its cell structure

A

eukaryotes

97
Q

Classify kingdom animalia according to its cell structure

A

eukaryotes

98
Q

characteristics of prokaryotes

A
  • no true nucleus
  • DNA free in cytoplasm
  • no membrane bound organelles
99
Q

characteristics of eukaryotes

A
  • true nucleus
  • DNA occurs in nucleus
  • has membrane bound organelles
100
Q

Are viruses pro- or eukaryotes?

A

neither. They are acellular

101
Q

Viruses are a.k.a. :

A

obligate intracellular parasites

102
Q

viruses produce by:

A

… converting the host cell’s genetic material into viral nucleic acid

103
Q

The three groups that make up protists

A
  • protozoa
  • algae
  • slime/ water moulds
104
Q

protozoa

A
  • animal like
  • heterotrophic
  • unicellular
  • eg. amoeba, paracemium, plasmodium
105
Q

algae

A
  • plant like
  • uni/multicellular
  • autotrophic
  • eg. algae
106
Q

slime/ water moulds

A
  • fungus like
  • multicellular
  • heterotrophic
107
Q

protozoa ingest their food by:

A

phagocytosis

108
Q

mosts protists reproduce by:

A

binary fission

109
Q

Two groups of fungi:

A
  • macro- and microscopic
110
Q

3 types of hyphae:

A
  • stolons - horizontal
  • rhizoids - penetrate substrate
  • sporangiophore - vertical
111
Q

reproduction in fungi

A
  • unicellular - binary fission
  • multicellular - asexually by spores - sexually by gametes
112
Q

Micro-orgs as producers

A
  • autotrophs produce their own organic material
  • 1st link of food chain
  • energy stored as carbs for next level
113
Q

Role of micro-orgs in maintaining the environment and food web:

A
  • producers
  • decomposers
  • nitrogen cycle
  • maintain O2/CO2 balance
  • symbiotic relationships
114
Q

Micro-orgs as decomposers

A
  • decompers, saprotrophs breakelements recycled in environment - available for plants down dead organic matter
  • H2O, CO2, Ammonia(NH3) released during decomp
115
Q

Micro-orgs in the Nitrogen cycle

A
  • soil/bacteria convert free N (N2) to nitrates - accessible to plants
  • ammonia released by decomp. bacteria processed by nitrifying bacteria into nitrites and then nitrates
  • ammonia (NH3) and nitrates converted to N2 by denitrifying bacteria
116
Q

Micro-orgs and the 02-CO2 balance

A
  • autotrophs use C02 - release O2 during p/s.
  • algae produces much of O2 in atmosphere
117
Q

phytoplankton

A

autotrophic

118
Q

zooplankton

A

heterotrophic

119
Q

Micro-orgs in symbiotic relationships

A
  • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria : nodule bacteria (N-fixing) live in legume root nodules. Turn N2 into nitrates for plant to absorb.receive carbs from plant.
  • Escherichia coli: in human gut. produces vit-K (NB for blood clotting) and B. Receive nutrients and habitat.
120
Q

Effect of HIV/AIDS on the human body

A
  • CD4-cells decrease - weaken immune system
  • 1st, no symptoms, followed by flu symptoms
  • then infections, fever, sweat, diarrhoea
  • oppurtunistic infections (TB, pneumonia, lymph cancer, neurological conditions)
  • final phase - AIDS. normally death follows.
121
Q

Effect of HIV/AIDS on families

A
  • income, health, productivity
  • orphans
  • developmental impact
122
Q

Effect of HIV/AIDS on SAn economy

A
  • affects peeps in their most productive years
  • decrease labour force
  • decrease mining labour force and thus productivity
  • cost of healthcare
123
Q

treatment of HIV/AIDS

A
  • Antiretroviral drugs - decrease viral load
  • strengthen immune system - diet/vitamins
  • treat other infections
124
Q

TB affects the:

A

lungs

125
Q

Effects of TB on the Human Body

A
  • infects lungs
  • cough blood
  • fatigue
  • sweats
  • pains
126
Q

Effects Of TB on families

A
  • lose 6 months of work
  • stigma
  • infection of family
127
Q

Treatment of TB

A
  • antibiotics constantly
  • counselling
128
Q

effects of malaria on the human body

A
  • the plasmodium moves into the liver to multiply
  • then move to blood
  • fever, headache, shivering, vomiting
  • red blood cells burst
  • brain damage - cerebral malaria
129
Q

effects of malaria on the economy

A
  • cause of poverty
  • expensive treatment
130
Q

treatment of malaria

A
  • anti-malarial drugs
  • quinine - bark of cinchona tree
  • drug - artemisinin - herb Artemisia annua
131
Q

conditions that cause Candida

A
  • warm, moist
  • excess use of anti-biotics - kills beneficial bacteria
  • weakened immune system
  • bad diet - high carbs and sugar
  • high stress levels
132
Q

effects of candida on the body

A
  • vaginal fungal infection
  • oral thrush
133
Q

management/treatment of candida

A
  • improve hygiene
  • probiotics
  • balanced diet
  • manage stress
134
Q

B-lympocytes

A
  • have receptor proteins on surface - attach to antigen on pathogen
  • receptor recognizes pathogen as foreign
  • B-Ls multiply to that antigen
  • these produce anti-bodies for plasma
  • these bind to antigen of pathogen
  • mark them, cause clumping, and bursting
135
Q

T-Lymphocytes

A
  • recognise, destroy virus infected cells
  • virus hides in cell - unreachable for anti-bodies
  • infected cells carry antigen
  • T-L recognise, destroy cells by secreting chemicals
136
Q

naturally acquired immunity

A

obtained without immunisation

137
Q

immunisation

A

administration of a vaccine to develop immunity

138
Q

vaccine

A

dead/weakened form of a pathogen - stimulates body’s immune system to produce anti-bodies

139
Q

passive naturally acquired immunity

A

antibodies transferred from mother to foetus or through milk

140
Q

active naturally acquired immunity

A

direct contact with pathogen stimulates production of antibodies

141
Q

artificially acquired immunity

A

develops through deliberate action

142
Q

passive artificially acquired immunity

A

body injected with anti-bodies

143
Q

active artificially acquired immunity

A

vaccination

144
Q

production of antibiotics

A
  • antib’s destroy bacteria
  • most obtained from moulds
  • penicillin extracted from penicillium notatum
  • most are semi-synthetic
145
Q

working of antibiotics

A
  • destroy bacterium structure - weaken wall, cell bursts
  • inhibit bacterium metabolism
146
Q

reasons for development of resistance to antibiotics

A
  • incorrect prescription
  • course uncompleted
  • incorrect diagnosis
  • unneccessary use
147
Q

production of insulin

A
  • segment of DNA extracted - placed in other org.
  • newly formed DNA - recombinant DNA
  • human insulin produced by bacteria
  1. DNA from human for insulin production removed from pancreas
  2. restriction enzymes cut DNA to isolate gene
  3. E. coli used to produce
  4. plasmids removed from E. coli
  5. restriction enzymes cut plasmids
  6. human gene inserted into plamid - help of DNA ligase
  7. plasmid reforms with human recombinant DNA
  8. then placed back in E.coli
  9. E. coli accepts new gene - produces insulin
  10. multiply, replicating insulin gene
  11. many bacterium with desired genes
  12. insulin is extracted
148
Q
A
149
Q
A

Bio Questions. (11 decks)

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