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Bio Questions. > M2. U4. RF. > Flashcards

M2. U4. RF. Flashcards

Gaseous exchange

1
Q

adaptations for GE in earthworms.

A
  • whole skin forms GE surface
  • diffusion
  • thin skin, moist, large surface area
  • O2 diffuses into blood
  • skin protected by mucus and coelomic fluid
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2
Q

respiratory system is made up of:

A

air passages, lungs, respiratory muscles

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3
Q

muscles between consecutive ribs

A

intercostal muscles

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4
Q

8

A

ribs

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5
Q

adaptations for GE in dicotyledonous plants.

A
  • in leaves
  • gas diffuses through stomata in lower epedermis
  • surface of spongy mesophyll cells
  • large Surface area
  • thin walls - moist for absorption of gases
  • mesophyl cells have large interior air spaces for transport of gases
  • protected inside leaves
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6
Q

small flap that closes the opening to the trachea during swallowing

A

epiglottis

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7
Q

the compound formed when carbon dioxide combines with haemoglobin when transported

A

carbaminohemoglobin

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8
Q

the part of the human brain which contains the respiratory Centre

A

medulla oblongata

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9
Q

vital capacity

A

total capacity + reserve volumes

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10
Q

structures for gaseous exchange in fish

A

Gills

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11
Q

single layer of squamous epithelium occurring in the walls of the capillary blood vessels

A

endothelium

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12
Q

Lungs. internal structure.

A
  • bronchi form bronchioles
  • alveoli are thin - layer of squamus epithelium
  • surrounded by capillaries
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13
Q

3

A

exchange of O2 at tissues

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14
Q

7

A

alveoli

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15
Q

type of epithelium occurring in the walls of the alveoli

A

squamous epithelium

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

respiratory muscles

A

diaphragm. intercostals

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18
Q

7

A

total lung capacity

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19
Q

medication for the treatment of tuberculosis

A

antibiotics

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20
Q

4

A

inhalation reserve volume

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21
Q

Pharynx

A
  • connected to nasal cavity
  • leads to glottis and gullet
  • mucous membrane
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22
Q

The nasal cavity

A
  • filter air
  • lined with mucous membrane that hold ciliated columnar epithelial cells
  • lined with capillaries - warms air
  • goblet cells - trap dust. antiseptic. moisten air
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23
Q

6

A

exchange of CO2 at alveoli

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24
Q

2

A

transport of O2 to tissues

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25
Q

10

A

intercostals

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26
Q

bronchi and bronchiole

A
  • trachea splits into bronchi
  • lined with mucous membrane - opened with cartilage rings
  • bronchi divide into bronchioles, which end in alveoli
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27
Q

PS still in the lungs after the full Xperia Tori Reserve volume has been exhaled

A

residual volume

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28
Q

player of the earthworms skin that is kept moist for effective gaseous exchange

A

epidermis

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29
Q

a trigger that sets off an allergic reaction for example hay fever

A

allergen

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30
Q

transport of 02 in the blood

A
  • combines with haemoglobin - makes oxyhaemoglobin
  • or dissolves into blood plasma
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31
Q

lung disease in which the walls of the alveoli tear and form holes as a result of excessive smoking

A

emphysema

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32
Q

trachea

A
  • holds larynx - cartilage
  • epiglottis -closes glottis
  • walls strengthened by cartilage rings - allows oes. to expand for food
  • mucous lining
  • cilia sweep dust back
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33
Q

gaseous exchange surface in human lungs

A

alveoli

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34
Q

type of epithelium which lines the air passages

A

ciliated epithelium

35
Q

Lungs. the external structure.

A
  • lungs in chest - under ribs and intercostals
  • spongy. elastic.
  • surrounded by pleura
  • fluid between pleara prevents friction
36
Q

the structure at the top of the trachea that houses the vocal chords

37
Q

cells in the leaf with a large surface area for gaseous exchange

A

spongy mesophyll cells

38
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air held in normal breathing

39
Q

1

A

exchange of O2 at alveoli

40
Q

asthma

A

allergic inflammation of air passages: causes narrowing

41
Q

3

A

vital capacity

42
Q

5

A

transport of CO2 to lungs

43
Q

Dome shaped sheet of muscle which separates the chest and abdominal cavity

44
Q

9

45
Q

hay fever

A

allergic inflammation of nasal passages

46
Q

the Machine responsible for artificial breathing

A

ventilator

47
Q

2

48
Q

the mechanical process whereby moves in and out of the lungs

49
Q

the phase of breathing which is normally an active process

A

inhalation

50
Q

double membrane surrounding the lungs

51
Q

Homeostatic control of breathing

A
  • chemoreceptors in aorta sense changes in blood CO2 concentration
  • CO2 increases: chemoreceptors send impulses to respiratory(R) and cardiovascular(C) centers, R stimulates faster breathing, C stimulates faster pumping of heart
  • blood flows faster
  • CO2 exhaled faster
  • CO2 blood concentration normalises
52
Q

adaptations for GE in locusts.

A
  • GE happens through tracheole system (TS)
  • air enters spiracles
  • TS holds network of trachea
  • thin walls, moist
  • gases diffuse between the surface
53
Q

1

54
Q

emphysema

A

walls of alveoli tear.

55
Q

adaptations for GE in bonefish.

A
  • happens in gills
  • made of many filaments wiyh large surface area
  • thin walls, moist, supplied with capillaries
  • water flows through filaments for gases to diffuse
56
Q

4

A

exchange of CO2 at tissues

57
Q

the normal amount of air breathed in and out

A

tidal volume

58
Q

part of the medulla oblongata which controls the heart rate

A

cardiovascular Centre

59
Q

the protein in blood which transports the bulk of oxygen

A

haemoglobin

60
Q

4

61
Q

3

62
Q

5

A

bronchioli

63
Q

adaptations for GE in mammals.

A
  • lungs
  • surface: alveoli
  • thin walls - layer of squamus epithelium
  • moist, surrounded by blood capillaries
  • efficient ventilation obtained by displacement of other internal organs
  • protected in chest and fluid
64
Q

6

A

tidal volume

65
Q

8

A

residual volume

66
Q

5

A

exhalation reserve volume

67
Q

transportation of CO2 in the blood.

A
  • as bicarbonate ions
  • carbahaemoglobin
  • dissolves in blood plasma
68
Q

bronchitis

A

inflammation of bronchi and mucous membranes

69
Q

2

A

exhalation capacity

70
Q

Effect of smoking on GE.

A
  • ciggies contain nicotine, tar and CO
  • cause arterial walls to harden
  • stimulates secretion of adrenaline -increase blood pressure, heart rate, stroke
  • tar paralyses cilia and accumulates
  • emphysema
71
Q

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across a gaseous exchange surface

A

gaseous exchange

72
Q

extensive network of tubes through which gaseous exchange takes place in locusts

73
Q

Inhalation

A
  • diaphragm flattens
  • thoracic cavity largens
  • intercostals contract
  • ribs lift
  • abdominal muscles relax to accomodate organ displacement
  • preesure around lungs decreases
  • lungs expand
74
Q

lung capacity

A

total volume of air lungs can hold

75
Q

1

A

inhalation capacity

76
Q

The air passages:

A

nasal passages, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioli

77
Q

6

A

infundibulum

78
Q

exhalation

A
  • diaphragm relaxes
  • thoracic cavity smallens
  • intercostals relax
  • ribs lower
  • thoracic cavity reduces further
  • pressure around lungs increases
    • CO2 rich air leaves lungs
79
Q

the gradual release of energy from organic compounds in the presence of oxygen

A

cellular respiration

80
Q

the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a lower concentration until equilibrium is reached

81
Q

artificial respiration

A
  • ventilator
  • or resuscitation
82
Q

lung cancer

A

uncontrolled growth of abnormal cellsin lung tissue.

83
Q

the three harmful toxins found in cigarette smoke

A

nicotine tar and carbon monoxide

Bio Questions. (11 decks)

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