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113 > M1U3.2 > Flashcards

M1U3.2 Flashcards

1
Q

The emission of particles & energy to become stable

A

Radioactivity

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2
Q

Other term for radioactive decay

A

radioactive disintegration

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3
Q

The process by which the nucleus spontaneously emits particles & energy an transforms itself into another atom to reach stability. It occurs when the nucleus contains too few or too many neutrons.

A

Radioactive Decay/ Radioactive Disintegration

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4
Q

Radioactive Decay/Radioactive Disintegration is the process by which the (1) spontaneously emits (2) & (3) and transforms itself into another atom to reach (4). It occurs when the (5) contains too few or too many neutrons.

A
  1. nucleus
  2. particles
  3. energy
  4. stabiliyy
  5. nucleus
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5
Q

Radioactive atoms that have the same number of protons

A

Radioisotopes

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6
Q

Two primary sources of naturally occurring radioisotopes

A

Uranium (U-92) & Carbon-14

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7
Q

TYPES OF IONIZING RADIATION

A

Particulate and Electromagnetic Radiation

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8
Q

Five Physical Characteristics of Ionizing Radiations

A

Mass
Energy
Velocity
Charge
Origin

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9
Q

It has finite range in matter

A

Particulate radiation

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10
Q

Examples of Particulate Radiation

A

Alpha & beta particles

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11
Q

Alpha Particle is equivalent to a —

A

helium nucleus

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12
Q

Light particles

A

Beta particle

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13
Q

Symbol of Alpha and Beta Particles

A

Alpha: α
Beta: β- or β+

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14
Q

Mass and Charge or Alpha and Beta Particles

A

Mass
α: 4amu
β: 0amu

Charge
α: +2
β: -1 or +1

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15
Q

Origin and Energy of Alpha and Beta Particles

A

Origin
α: nucleus of heavy radioactive nuclei
β: nucleus of radioactive nuclei

Energy
α: 4-7 MeV
β: 0-7 MeV

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16
Q

Range of alpha and beta particles

A

α: 1-10 cm (air); <0.1 mm (soft tissue)
β: 10-100 cm (air); 1-2 cm (soft tissue)

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17
Q

Ionization rate of alpha and beta particles

A

α: 40,000 atoms/cm
β: several hundred of atoms/cm

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18
Q

They are the same with electrons, they only differ in origin

A

Negative Beta Particles

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19
Q

Have the same mass with electrons

A

Positive Beta Particles

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20
Q

Other terms for Positive Beta Particles

A

Positrons
Antimatter

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21
Q

Examples of electromagnetic radiation

A

X-rays & gamma rays

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22
Q

Electromagnetic radiation only, differ in —

A

origin

23
Q

Electromagnetic radiation is often called —

A

photons

24
Q

A general term for x-rays and gamma rays

A

Photons

25
Q

It has unlimited range in matter

A

Electromagnetic radiation

26
Q

Has no mass and no charge

A

Photons

27
Q

Photons travel at a speed of light(c) where c is equal to —

A

c: 3 x 10^(8) m/s
or
c: 1.86 x 10^(5) mi/s

28
Q

Only forms of ionizing electromagnetic radiation of
radiologic interest

A

X-rays and gamma rays

29
Q

Symbol, mass, and charge for x-rays and gamma rays

A

Symbol
X-rays (X)
Gamma rays (Y)

Mass
X: 0
Y: 0

Charge
X: 0
Y: 0

30
Q

Origins of x-rays and gamma rays

A

X: electron cloud
Y: nucleus/radioactive nuclei

31
Q

Energy of X and Y

A

X: 0-25 MeV
Y:0-5 MeV

32
Q

Range of X and Y

A

X: 0-100 m (air); 0-30 cm (soft tissue)
Y: 0-100 m (air); 0-30 cm (soft tissue)

33
Q

Ionization rate of X and Y

A

X: 100 ip/cm (equal to beta particles)
Y: 100 ip/cm (equal to beta particles)

34
Q

A type of radiation used in U.T.Z. & MRI

A

Nonionizing Radiation

35
Q

Nonionizing Radiation is a type of radiation used in — and —

A

U.T.Z.
MRI

36
Q

Characteristics of stable nuclides

A
  1. Neutrons exceeds the protons
  2. No stable nuclide has A=5 or A=8
  3. Odd Z and N
37
Q

Factors affecting stability

A
  1. Binding energy per nucleon
  2. Nuclear size
  3. Neutron to Proton Ratio (N/Z)
  4. Ratio N/Z increases gradually with A
38
Q

No stable nuclide has atomic number 43 anf 61, what elements have these Z?

A

Z= 43 (Technetium)
Z= 61 (Promethium)

39
Q

5 Modes of Decay

A
  1. Alpha Decay
  2. Beta Minus Decay
  3. Beta Plus Decay
  4. Electron Capture
  5. Gamma Ray Emission
40
Q

This occurs with nuclei that are too large to be stable.

A

Alpha decay

41
Q

This occurs with nuclides for which N/Z is too large for stability.

A

Beta minus decay

42
Q

Other term for beta minus decay

A

Beta decay

43
Q

What does beta minus decay emit?

A

Positron and antineutrino

44
Q

Extra neutron components disintegrates into either —

A

proton/ β+
neutrino
antineutrino/ β-

45
Q

Other term for bet aplus decay

A

Positron emission

46
Q

This occurs with nuclides for which N/Z is too small for stability.

A

Beta plus decay

47
Q

What does beta plus decay emit?

A

Positron and neutrino

48
Q

Instance when β+emission is not energetically possible, but an orbital electron can combine with a proton to form a neutron and a neutrino.

A

Electron capture

49
Q

During electron capture, what remains in the nucleus and what is emitted?

A

The neutron remains in the nucleus, and the neutrino is emitted.

50
Q

What does electron capture form?

A

Neutron and netrino

51
Q

When a nucleus is placed in an excited state either by bombardment with high energy particles or by a radioactive transformation, it can decay to the ground state by emission of one or more photons called gamma-ray photons with typical energies of 10keV to 5MeV.

A

Gamma ray emission

52
Q

When a nucleus is placed in an excited state either by (1) or by (2), it can decay to the ground state by emission of one or more photons called gamma-ray photons with typical energies of 10keV to 5MeV.

A
  1. bombardment with high energy particles
  2. a radioactive transformation
53
Q

When a nucleus is placed in an excited state either by bombardment with high energy particles or by a radioactive transformation, it can decay to the ground state by emission of one or more photons called (1) with typical energies of (2).

A
  1. gamma-ray photons
  2. 10keV to 5MeV

113 (18 decks)

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