M1U3.1 Flashcards
4 Fundamental/ Basic Forces in Nature
- Gravitational force
- Weak nuclear force
- Electromagnetic force
- Strong nuclear forces
Governs the motion of the moon and artificial satellites around the Earth, the
motion of the Earth and planets around the Sun
Gravity
Is the force that holds all the objects onto the Earth
Gravitational force
Described as the force of attraction between all masses in the Universe, especially the attraction of the Earth’s mass for bodies near its surface
Gravitational force
Gravitational force has a long-range that has a strength of only about — times that of a
nuclear force
10^(−38)
Gravitational force exists whenever there is a —
matter
The gravitational force related to —; it is directly proportional to —.
weight
The gravitational acceleration on Earth is (1) it’s represented as (g), and on the moon, it is about (2)
- 9.8m/𝒔^𝟐,
- 1.6m/𝒔^2
On a different astronomical body like – or the —, the acceleration of gravity is different compared to Earth
Venus
Moon
Force that appears only in certain nuclear processes, such as the β-decay of a nucleus.
Weak nuclear force
What certain cuvlear processes does the weak nuclear force appears in?
β+, β-, electron capture
In β-decay, the nucleus emits an (1) and an uncharged
particle called the (2).
- electron
- neutrino
Weak nuclear force is responsible for (1) and (2)
- nuclear beta decay
- neutrino absorption and emission
Weak nuclear force is weaker than the strong nuclear force and the (1) but stronger than (2).
- electromagnetic force
- gravity
The range of a weak nuclear force is exceedingly small, of the order of —.
10^(-18) m
Example of the weak force
Beta-decay
During beta decay, a (1) disappears and is replaced by a proton, an electron, and a (2) (anti-electron).
- neutron
- neutrino
What replaces the neutron during beta decay?
Proton, Electron, and Neutrino
If the weak force were not to exist, many types of matter would become much more —.
stable
Without the weak force, the (1) would cease to exist. The weak force allows the fusion of protons and neutrons to form (2). The excess energy from this fusion is the source of (3) from the Sun.
- Sun
- deuterium
- heat
Acts as a thermostats that lowers the temperature of the Sun
Deterium
The weak nuclear force is not as weak as the (1), but much weaker than the strong nuclear and (2). The range of a weak nuclear force is exceedingly small, of the order of (3).
- gravitational force
- electromagnetic forces
3.10-16 m
Force that causes the interaction between electrically charged particles
Electromagnetic Force
Electromagnetic force is the force between (1). When charges are at rest, the force is given by (2): attractive for
unlike charges and repulsive for like charges.
- charged particles
- Coulomb’s law
Coulomb’s law
Like charges repel, unlike charges attract
Charges in motion produce (1), and a magnetic field gives rise to a force on a moving charge. Electromagnetic force acts over (2) and does not need any (3).
- magnetic effects
- large distances
- intervening medium
— can be attractive or repulsive.
Electromagnetic force
Electromagnetic force binds (1) and (2) together to form ordinary matter
- atoms
- molecules
It so much stronger than the Gravitational Force
Electromagnetic force
Electromagnetic force has a long-range force, in principle extending over —
infinite distance
The strong, attractive force between nucleons in the atomic nucleus that holds the nucleus together.
Strong nulcear foarce
The strong nuclear force binds —- and — in a nucleus.
protons
neutrons
The strong nuclear force is the strongest of all fundamental forces, about (1) times the
(2) in strength.
- 100
- electromagnetic force
Term that means that it can bind regardless of charge
Charge-independent
The strong nuclear force is charge-independent and acts equally between a (1), a (2), and a (3).
- proton and a proton
- neutron and a neutron
- proton and a neutron
Its range is extremely small, of about nuclear dimensions (10^-15m).
Strong nuclear force
Nuclear dimension
10^(-15) m
The strong nuclear force is responsible for the stability of —.
nuclei
The faster the spin of the nuclei, the (1) the force;
The slower the spin of the nuclei, the (2) the force
- stronger
- weaker
This force is attractive in character
Strong nuclear force
This force is charge independent
Strong nuclear force
The strong nuclear force is dependent on the —
spin of the nuclei
2 Processes in the gravitational force
- Adding motion to the universe
- Creating energy
Where do the Sun and planets orbit?
They orbit a shared center of mass
Planets with enough mass can develop — or —
orbiting moons
rings of debris
Gravity is the force that creates (1) and (2) in the core of stars allowing them to burn for million years.
- pressure
- fusion energy
2 Processes in the weak nuclear force
- Converting protons into neutrons
- Releasing radiation
When 2 proons collide and fuse, a (1) in the weak nuclear force emits a (2) and (3), which converts one of the protons to a neutron.
- disruption
- positron
- neutrino
Without the weak nuclear force turning protons into neutrons, certain — cannot form
complex nuclei
— have an imbalace of protons and neutrons, so the weak nuclear force converts protons to neutrons releasing radiation
Heavy atoms
2 Processes occuring in the electromagnetic force
- Forming atoms and molecules
- Generating light
The electromagnetic force pulls (1) into bound orbits around (2) to form atoms and molecules.
- negatively charged electrons
- positively charged nuclei
As gas cools, electrons will find their way into the presence of —. (EM force)
atomic nuclei
Larger nuclei with a higher positive charge pull in (1) until atoms and molecules have a balance of (2).
- more electrons
- charges
When a negative electron interacts with a positive proton, the electromagnetic force adds energy to the electron generating a —.
photon
2 Processes occuring in the strong nuclear force
- Binding protons in atomic nuclei
- Breaking the bond
— particles naturally repel each other
Positively-charged
The strong nuclear force overcomes the (1) between protons to hold together atomic nuclei. Without the strong nuclear force, (2) cannot form.
- repulsion
- complex nuclei
Enormous energy is released as (1) and (2) when the strong nuclear force is broken between protons and neutrons.
- gamma rays
- neutrinos
